Ch. 13 & 14 Informative Speaking and Persuasive SpeakingTypes of Informative SpeakingContentPurposeInformative Vs. PersuasiveInformativePersuasiveTechniques of Informative Speaking3. Make it easy for audience to listen and understand4. Emphasize Important pointsCharacteristics of persuasionPersuasion is interactiveCategorizing types of persuasionBy types of PropositionPropositions of factPropositions of valuePropositions of policyPersuasive speeches based on desired outcomePersuasion can be categorized by to approaches:Creating the persuasive messageAvoid fallaciesA few of the most common fallaciesREDUCTIO AD ABSURDUMEITHER-OR FALLACYPOST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOCARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAMARGUMENTUM AD POPULUMIn conclusionCh. 13 & 14 Informative Speaking and Persuasive SpeakingTypes of Informative Speaking•By content or purposeContent•Speeches about processes-a series of actions that leads to a specific resultThe process involved in traveling abroad•Speeches about objects-anything that can be seen or touchedA speech about your guitar•Speeches about events-when a topic refers to anything notable that has happenedA speech about the war in IraqPurpose•Descriptions- describingDescribing the traditions of a particular culture•Explanations-explainingExplaining each of the steps involved in fire prevention•Instructions-teachingShowing students how to protect themselvesInformative Vs. PersuasiveInformative•you are not presenting info that is controversial •You are not trying to change audience attitudes•You are trying to make the audience aware of something•Usually to improve audience knowledge or abilityPersuasive•Usually involves a controversial topic•You are trying to persuade the audience to take some sort of action, or change some sort of behaviorTechniques of Informative Speaking1. Define a specific informative purpose2. Create information hunger3. Make it easy for audience to listen and understand•Limit amount of info you present -stick to 3-5 main topics•use familiar information to increase understanding of the unfamiliar •Use simple information to build understanding of complex info4. Emphasize Important points•Use repetition -with main points -with material that is difficult to understand•Use sign postsCharacteristics of persuasion•Persuasion is the process of motivating someone, through communication to change a particular belief, attitude, or behavior.Persuasion is interactive•Can be compared to the transactional model •It is an interaction that takes place between speaker and audienceCategorizing types of persuasion•By types of proposition or by desired outcomeBy types of Proposition•Propositions of fact•Propositions of value•Propositions of policyPropositions of fact•issues in which there are two or more sides with conflicting evidence• listeners are required to choose the truth for themselvesExample: Kobe Bryant did/did not commit rapePropositions of value•go beyond issues of truth to explore the worth of some idea, person, or objectExamples:•President Bush is/ is not the best president•Animal testing is/ is not wrongPropositions of policy•Goes a step beyond fact or value in stating a recommended course of actionExample:•Animal testing is wrong, and everyone should not buy products that test on animalsPersuasive speeches based on desired outcome•Convincing- when goal of speech is to make the audience believe something-Kobe Bryant did not commit rape•Actuating- when goal of speech is to get audience members to take specific actions -don’t buy make-up that is tested on animalsPersuasion can be categorized by to approaches:1. Direct persuasion- state the persuasive message outright(speaker’s goals are clear from the beginning)2. Indirect persuasion- persuasive message is not clear right away(may start with a question and continue speech to prove that question and persuade audience)Creating the persuasive message•Set a clear persuasive purpose•Structure the message carefully•Describe the problem•Describe the solution•Describe the desired audience responseAvoid fallaciesFallacy- Errors in logical thinking•There are numerous types of fallaciesA few of the most common fallacies •AD HOMINEM- attack on the person instead of the argument -the speaker attacks the integrity of the person in order to weaken the argumentREDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM•Reduction to the absurd•Unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to such extreme lengths that it looks ridiculousStraw man argument- a variation of ad absurdum fallacy•Speaker attacks a potentially valid argument by demolishing a weak example and suggesting that it represents the entire positionEITHER-OR FALLACY•Sets up false alternatives•Suggests that if the inferior one must be rejected, then the other must be acceptedPOST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC•False Cause•Mistakenly assumes that one event causes another because they occur after one anotherARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM•Appeal to authority•Involves relying on the testimony of someone who is not an authority in the case being argued•Occur often in advertising and politicsARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM•Bandwagon appeal•Based on idea that many other people like it or agree with it, so should you•Wide spread acceptance of an idea is no guarantee that it is correctIn conclusion•When constructing your speech be careful that it does not involve fallacious
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