Week 2: Perception Lecture NotesHousekeeping-Role Call-Collect What is Communication?Go over it; Write answers on the board-Zero Feedback exerciseChoose two students. Have the first student explain the giraffe picture (page 35) facing the wall. Not allowed to answer questions or look at the audience. Have the students try and draw the picture. Next, have the second student face the audience and explain how todraw the cartoon on page 54. Debrief: Why did I do this?To show the difference between one-way communication exchanges and two-way communication exchanges. Rarely is communication one-way. It is usually back and forth.LectureIntroduction: Great perception equals greater communication competence. That’s what we want. I dress nice for a reason. I know I’m young; I need to be perceived as credible. Dressing nice helps.We will talk about:1. Perceiving others-narratives-attributes-what influences our perceptions-culture-empathy and sympathy2. Self-perception-self-concept-self-fulfilling prophecies3. Impression Management (different power point!)Perceiving others: gives us feedback on how to actDefinition of Narratives: the personal stories that we and others create to make sense of our personal world. Ontological debate: Realism (reality is out there) vs. nominalism (reality is a product of individual cognition).A narrative is a shortcut. Cognition is difficult, so we want to limit it, so we use shortcuts.Example: Why is it easier to watch TV than it is to read? Why is driving difficult?We need to understand narratives because different narratives lead to communication problems.How we perceive others:1. Self-serving bias: judging oneself more generously that one judges othersexample: We judge ourselves as funnier and better drivers than others.2. We rely on ease-what is most obvious-first impressions-similarities as oneself3. Negative over positive impressions4. Blaming innocent victims for their misfortunesexample: date rape, blaming the female vs. blaming the rapistPerception is situational:Based on: Relational satisfaction-degree of involvement-past experience-expectations (anticipations)-social roles-knowledge-self-conceptPerception and Culture:Misconceptions often occur due to cultural differences.1. Empathy: experience the world through the others perspectives, vs.sympathy: feel compassion for others, accept other pain as valid.Example: difference lies in the ability to put yourself in another’s shoes.2. Perception checking: awareness of perceptionsPerceiving the Self:Much like awareness-Proper self-perception leads to communication competenceSelf-concept: (how do you define yourself) a set of relatively stable perceptions that each of us hold about ourselves.Example: Who am I? Luke—Winslow—Californian—American, orAmerican—Winslow—LukeSelf-perception is influenced by:1. Material self: You are what you have2. Social self: part of you that interacts with others3. Spiritual self: internal thoughts and introspection about values and moral standards.Example: Mel Gibson story/The Passion: What caused him to make this? Introspection. “I’ve been offered every kind of excess that money and fame bring and it’s not good enough.Self-esteem: evaluation of self worth. What is your value?Factors that affect self-esteem:-Gender-Social comparisons-Self-expectationsWays to enhance the self-esteem:1. Positive self-talk-intrapersonal communication (inner speech)2. Visualization-not just talk, but actually seeing events/actions happen3. Reframe (put things in a new perspective)4. Develop honest relationships5. Lose your baggage-“Today s the first day of the rest of your life.”We study this in SPCH 100 because it is through communication that our self-concept is developed. (Refer back to last week- Communication meets our identity needs)(Stella Ting-Toomey, mentioned on page 52)Reflected appraisal: we develop an image of ourselves from the way we think others viewus.Example: We all act differently around different people. The way others view us determines how we act.Story: My identity was a jock vs. identity as smart studentSelf-fulfilling prophecy:When a persons expectations of an outcome makes the outcome more likely to occur thanwould otherwise have been true.Example: power of positive thinking; 15% of doctor visits are not really sickLife’s Little Instruction Book: There’s no difference between being brave and faking it. Think about that as you give your speeches.Two Types of Self-fulfilling prophecy:1. Your own expectations influence your behavior2. Expectations of others govern your actions*Read from “The Illuminated Life” page 35*Could show Heat: Robert Deniro’s perception of his self vs. Al Pacino’s self-perceptionsIn-Class: On a sheet of paper, write all your negative qualities on the front side (things your not good at). Write positive qualities on the back (things your good at)Homework: Make sure positive list is longer than negative listImpression Management“The communication strategies people use to influence how other’s view them.-still under the umbrella of perceptions -Why study it? It establishes perceived credibilityPublic vs. Private Self:Perceived self (private self): the person you believe yourself to be during self examinationExample: Integrity: who you are when no one is lookingPresenting self: the way we want to appear to others-socially approved self-face: presenting self-facework: verbal and nonverbal ways to maintain the socially accepted selfIdentity Management1. We maintain many different identitiesexample: student, son/daughter, friend2. Can be conscious of unconsciousexample: some role we play without even thinking about it3. People differ in their degree of identity management-awareness varies-high self-monitors vs. low self-monitors-Flexibility is the keyHow are impressions managed? (write on board-One cannot not make impressions)1. Face to Face management:-manner: words and nonverbal actions-appearance: look-setting: physical items we use to influence how other view usexample: lawyers are often interviewed with a bookshelf behind them.Ethics of Impression Management:Is it dishonest: No, impression management leads to flexibility which leads to communication competence.Impression Management Theory:“Seeks to explain how people go through trying to project a positive self image” (Tedeschi & Reiss, 1981)Labels impression management as persuasion (trying to increase credibility)Teens are particularity
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