RESEARCHWe’re going to do two things today: FIRST, we’ll talk about five major places you can get information for speech.SECOND, we’ll talk about difference between an Informative & Persuasive Speech… …The different types informative speeches & How to write good one. *Most of your information should come from BOOKS, PERIODICALS (magazines, journals, annual reports), & NEWSPAPERS.However, you can also use (a) Personal Interviews (b) Web Site Information.PERSONAL INTERVIEWS: **Example Citation:Farnsworth, K.L., Professor of Social Psychology, Cal State Fullerton, Fullerton California. Interview, March 9, 2001. There are two types of personal interviews you may use:(a) Authoritative Interviews(b) Personal TestimoniesAuthoritative Interviews involve discussing your topic with an authority in your topic area.Ex: A physician is an expert in field of medicine…However, physician training is highly specialized… …Therefore, information about Heart Disease obtained from an interview w/Pediatrician wouldn’t have as much credibility interview w/ Cardiologist.In other words, if you use information from an authoritative interview……make sure person you interviewed has expertise in your specific area of interest.Lawyers are authorities in law…but not in psychology.Psychologists are authorities in human behavior…but not in law.So Authoritative Interviews involve an interviewee who has been professionally trained / educated in some specific area…Personal Testimonies involve interviews w/ people who have actually experienced something related to your topic. Ex. If your topic is “The Dangers of Drunk Driving,” & you want illustrate how drunk driving ruins lives……Instead of quoting police officer or judge saying: “Drunk driving is dangerous…”…Quote actual drunk driving victim saying: “My legs were broken in 67 places when I was hit by drunk driver at age 18.I’m now 35 and I still can’t walk.” WARNING: Just because someone has personal experience in field doesn’t make them an expert in field…at least in eyes of your audience.For example…A veteran History Teacher may have witnessed large amountsof deviant adolescent behavior over his / her career……But you wouldn’t want quote him/her as expert in field of deviant adolescent behavior……You’d want quote psychologist / psychiatrist for that.In other words…what you’d want to do is first say:“Dr. Charles Smith, professor of child psychiatry at USC, told me that male adolescents from fatherless homes engage in more classroom violence than males who live with their fathers.” …That’s the expert testimony.Then…you’d want to quote history teacher as saying: “Over the years…I’ve really noticed that children without stable father figure hate discipline.”So in general…Use personal testimonies to support, not replace authoritativetestimonies.WEBSITES: **Sample Citation: Richardson, J. (2004). Rain and Car accidents go hand in hand. Retrieved February 7th, 2004, from MaineToday.com. -You have to be very careful about website information because anybody cancreate website.There are three main things to consider when trying decide if particular website’s information is credible: Author, Purpose, Content.AUTHOR -URL’s that end in .gov (government) or .edu (education) generally provide better information than .com URL’s. Reason for this is that anybody can create .com website, but certain criteria have to be met to earn .gov or .edu website*The main thing to consider when getting information from government / education websites is potential “card stacking”In other words…government & educational websites generally won’t provide erroneous information……but they may be selective about which information they choose to provide.Unfortunately, besides looking at URL…There are no guarantees when it comes to determining authorship credibility, but here are some guidelines:1. Be suspicious when authors don’t provide their qualifications.2. Be suspicious when authors don’t provide an email address for questions.3. However, even if authors provide an email address…be suspicious if it’s not associated with an institution. Ex. [email protected] is suspicious… Ex. [email protected] isn’t as suspicious. 4. Be suspicious if home page doesn’t have an “About This Page” link.PURPOSE1. Credible sites clearly state their purpose on their “About This Page” link.2. Credible sites (a) Answer email inquiries, (b) offer support for their claims from credible sources.Ex. If you go to “savetheplanet.com” & there is great article about why sportfishing ruining artificial reefs……But statistics aren’t sourced, quotes aren’t sourced: NOT CREDIBLE. 3. Finally, Be careful about “objective” articles found on sponsored web pages.Ex. Lets say you go to “moviereview.com” & read article by movie critic who gives great reviews to Paramount Pictures movies A & B……terrible reviews Columbia Pictures movies C & D…& then you go to “page sponsers” link & find out page sponsored by Universal Movies.CONTENT1. All grammatically incorrect/unprofessional sites lack credibility……But not all grammatically correct/professional cites are credible.-Graphics, language, and presentation only one of many things that determine site credibility. Ex. Heaven’s Gate Cult site very slick because computer programmers were cult memberes.BOOKS:**Sample Citation:Newton, R. R. & Rudestam, K. E. (1999). Your statistical consultant. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. (a) www.fullerton.edu (a) “Library”(b) “Find Books”(c) “Pollak Library Catalog”(d) “Author”, “Title,” “Subject” etc.MAGAZINE ARTICLES:**Sample Citation: No author“Government employees support private sector tax increase.” The Economist, February 23, 1997, p. 83.With author: Marx, K. “Wealthy people are happier than poor people.” The Communist, March 13,1903, p. 123. (a) www.fullerton.edu (b) “Library”(c) “Find Articles”(d) “Communications”(e) “Expanded Academic” -Keyword Search if you don’t want specify particular source - Journal Search if you only want articles from specific source Hints: 1. You can limit your results to articles w/ full text 2. You can email article to yourself 3. DO NOT limit your search to “referred publications” (i.e., academic
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