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CSUF HCOM 100 - ORGANIZATION LECTURE NOTE

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Chapter Eight OutlineOrganizing the Speech: Introduction, Conclusions, and Transitions*** How important are first impressions? Studies show that people are judged by what they where, say, do the first time they meet another person.The same thing occurs with speeches.I. Introductions: Beginning of the speech.A. The purpose of an introduction.1. Gaining the attention and interest of your audience.- only chance to convince the audience what is coming next will be interesting. a. Audiences decide to listen actively.b. Convince the audience favorably toward you and your topic.2. Disposing the audience favorably toward you and your topic.a. Listeners will be sympathetic and attentive.b. Some speakers use hostility.3. Clarifying the purpose or thesis of your speech. It is important to be clear and concise.4. Previewing the development of your topic.B. An example of an introduction.- p. 214 good exampleC. Types of introductions- common experiences, goals, and values creates like1. Identifying with your audience.a. Similarity forms good impressions.b. Identification is easily established by student speakers.2. Referring to speech situation.a. Occasion.- especially ceremonial situationb. Location.- symbolic shadow of somethingc. Referring to previous speaker. 3. Stating your purpose- can use when thesis itself is shocking4. Stating the importance of your topica. Creates an element of mysteryb. Introduction can “unpack” the title.5. Citing statistics, making claims.a. Information form is powerful.b. Best when information is not well known.6. Tell a story a. Narrative form is powerful b. May overshadow preview and body.- because 2 interesting audience still thinking about it.7. Using an analogy. -helps to understand a more complex processa. Makes the audience think.b. Listeners can focus on similarities and differences8. Asking a rhetorical questiona. Makes the audience thinkb. Overused device- some believe you should never ask aquestion you don’t already know the answer to. -as lawyers have used.9. Quoting someonea. Leads naturally into the main ideasb. Opposing viewpoints can be used.10. Using humor.a. Relaxes audiencesb. Humor is not always appropriateD. Strategies for preparing an introduction.1. Prepare the body of the speech first *** How I do it. Papers included. I often find that I have thoughts about how I want to do my intro. while working on my body.2. Relate the intro. to the body3. Keep the intro. brief4. Make the intro. complete5. Keep a file of potential information6. Be guided by the examples in this book7. Plan the introduction word for word*** While first impressions are important, last impressions are a equally important. It is what you leave people thinking and remembering when youare gone. Can you think of a situation where last impressions would be important.*** How do you feel as an audience member when the speaker does not have a clear conclusion?II. Conclusions: Ending the speechA. The purpose of a conclusion1. Completing the sense of form by anticipating the end.2. Summarizing main idea.a. Helps listeners rememberb. Increases accurate recall.3. Making a final appeal to the audience.a. Ask the audience to take action or adapt belief.b. Help audience understand the response you seek.B. An example of a conclusion p.224C. Types of conclusions1. Summarizing- more detailed summery2. Quoting someone- make sure it is linked back to the body.3. Making personal referencesa. Illustrates your own identificationb. Encourages the audience to identify.4. Challenging the audience- ask audience to do something5. Offering a utopian visiona. Focus on successfully meeting the challengeb. Effective when sacrifices or risks are required.D. Strategies for preparing a conclusion.1. Be sure that it truly is the conclusion2. Return to you introductory device what possible.3. Practice the conclusion.Have you ever talked to someone who changes the subject frequently and without warning? How do you feel?III. Transition: Connecting the elements of a speech Definition 230 Bridges gaps, flows smoothlyA. The purpose of transitions.1. Create a sense of movement.- Helps listeners follow2. Prevents nervous mannerisms.B. Elements of effective transitions1. Internal previews- helps audience anticipate what is coming2. Internal summaries- reviews parts of the speech3. Links. (not only... but also, in addition, however)a. Links can be implicit or explicit.b. Use implicit links when connections are obvious.4. Complete transitions.- not always needed but includes summaries, link to next, & preview- (my focus is link)C. Strategies for preparing transitions1. Identify main idea succinctly.2. Use parallel structure if possible.- repetitive patterns3. Use signposting. 1st, 2nd, 3rd can be used so there is no doubt in speakers mind that there is a transitionIV.


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CSUF HCOM 100 - ORGANIZATION LECTURE NOTE

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