Chapter 9Questions for you…Chapter OutlineWhat Is Race?Race and BiologyScience and RacePolling QuestionCharacteristics of Ethnic GroupsRace… more similarities than differencesHow Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports?Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Dominant and Subordinate GroupsPrejudiceRacismMerton’s Typology of Prejudice and DiscriminationTheories of PrejudiceFour Major Types of DiscriminationSlide 20Contact HypothesisFunctionalist Perspectives on Race and Ethnic RelationsConflict Perspectives on Race and Ethnic RelationsSlide 24Critical Race TheoryPerspectives on Race and Ethnic RelationsPerspectives on Race and Ethnic RelationsRacial and Ethnic Groups in the United StatesPolling QuestionSlide 30Native AmericansAfrican AmericansSlide 33Asian AmericansLatino or Hispanic-AmericansMiddle Eastern AmericansRacial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S.Odds of Being a Pro Athlete by Race/Ethnicity and SportSlide 39Answer: DSlide 42Answer: ASlide 44Answer: ASlide 46Answer: ASlide 48Answer: CSlide 50Answer: BChapter 9Race and EthnicityQuestions for you…How is race “socially constructed” in society?What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?What evidence is there that race relations are improving in the society?Chapter OutlineRace and EthnicityPrejudiceDiscriminationSociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic RelationsRacial and Ethnic Groups in the United StatesGlobal Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the FutureWhat Is Race? Some people view race as:Skin color: the Caucasian “race”, Religion: the Jewish “race” Nationality: the British “race”Entire human species: the human “race”Race and BiologyA race is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributes.Race has little meaning biologically due to interbreeding in the human population.Science and RaceThe American Anthropological Association adopted a position on race in May 1998. Although not all members of the association agreed with the position taken, it does reflect the majority opinion of this group of scholars.http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/primarysources/census/docs/aaas.htmlPolling QuestionThink about Whites in the U.S. compared to ethnic and racial minority groups. To what extent do you agree with the following statement: Whites as a group are very distinct from ethnic and racial minority groups.A. Strongly agreeB. Agree somewhatC. UnsureD. Disagree somewhatE. Strongly disagreeCharacteristics of Ethnic GroupsUnique cultural traits.A sense of community.A feeling of ethnocentrism.Ascribed membership from birth.Tendency to occupy a geographic area.Race… more similarities than differencesIt is generally agreed among sociologists that race is socially constructed based on the social realities, norms and group experiences within society at a particular time.Thus, as times change… so do many preconceived notions regarding race. In fact, many scholars have asked are we so different? http://www.understandingrace.org/home.htmlHow Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports?True or False?African Americans who competed in boxing matches in the late 1800s often had to agree to lose before they could obtain a match.How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports?True.Promoters, who often set up boxing matches that pitted fighters by race, assumed that white fans were more likely to buy tickets if the white fighters frequently won.How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports?True or False?Until recently, the positions of quarterback and kicker in the National Football League have been held almost exclusively by white players.How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports?True.As late as the 1990s, whites accounted for about 90 percent of the quarterbacks and kickers on NFL teams. However, this changed early in the twenty-first century, and today there are some African Americans playing virtually every position on all professional football teams.Dominant and Subordinate GroupsA dominant group is one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society.A subordinate group is one whose members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.PrejudiceA negative attitude based on generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to regard one’s own culture and group as the standard.Stereotypes are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.RacismA set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.Recent studies have shown that the underlying reasoning behind racism differs according to factors such as gender, age, class, and geography.Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and DiscriminationTheories of PrejudiceFrustration–aggression hypothesisPeople who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others.Authoritarian PersonalityCharacterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.Four Major Types of Discrimination1. Isolate discrimination - A prejudiced judge giving harsher sentences to African American defendants.2. Small-group discrimination - Small group of white students defacing a professor’s office with racist epithets.Four Major Types of Discrimination3. Direct institutionalized discrimination - Intentional exclusion of people of color from public accommodations.4. Indirect institutionalized discrimination - Special education classes may have contributed to racial stereotyping.Contact HypothesisContact between divergent groups should be positive as long as group members:Have equal status.Pursue the same goals.Cooperate with one another to achieve goals.Receive positive feedback while interacting.Functionalist Perspectives on Race and Ethnic RelationsAssimilation A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups
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