Slide 1After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:Slide 3Life Expectancies by CountriesSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Theories of PopulationSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Demographic Transition TheorySlide 18Slide 19Slide 20The Earliest CitiesPreindustrial CitiesThree things notes by Gideon SjobergSlide 24The Structure of CitiesSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29The Nature of Urban LifeSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Population and Urban Population and Urban SocietySocietyChapter 16Chapter 16After studying this chapter, you should After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:be able to do the following:Describe the phenomenon of exponential growth.Describe the phenomenon of exponential growth.Define the three major components of population change.Define the three major components of population change.Contrast the Malthusian and Marxist theories of population.Contrast the Malthusian and Marxist theories of population.Summarize the demographic transition model and explain why Summarize the demographic transition model and explain why there might be a second demographic transition.there might be a second demographic transition.Discuss the determinants of fertility and family size.Discuss the determinants of fertility and family size.Discuss the problems of overpopulation and possible solutions.Discuss the problems of overpopulation and possible solutions.Describe the history of urbanization.Describe the history of urbanization.Contrast preindustrial and industrial cities.Contrast preindustrial and industrial cities.Describe the various theories of urban development.Describe the various theories of urban development.Understand the issues surrounding homelessness in American Understand the issues surrounding homelessness in American cities.cities.Describe trends in urban growth in the United States.Describe trends in urban growth in the United States. Demography Demography The study of the size and composition of human The study of the size and composition of human populations, as well as the causes and consequences populations, as well as the causes and consequences of changes in these factors. of changes in these factors. Demography is influenced by three major factors: Demography is influenced by three major factors: fertility, mortality, and migration.fertility, mortality, and migration.Life Expectancies by CountriesLife Expectancies by CountriesHighestHighestYearsYearsLowestLowestYearsYearsJapan 82.0 Swaziland 31.9Singapore 82 Angola 38.2Hong Kong 81.8 Zambia 38.6Australia 81.6 Lesotho 40.4Canada 81.2 Zimbabwe 41Sweden 81 Mozambique 41.1France 81 Sierra Leone 41.2Iceland 80.7 Liberia 42Sweden 80.9 Djibouti 43.4World average66.6FertilityFertilityFertility refers to the actual number of births in a given Fertility refers to the actual number of births in a given population. population. Fecundity Fecundity The physiological ability to have children. The physiological ability to have children. Crude birthrateCrude birthrateThe number of annual live births per 1,000 people in a The number of annual live births per 1,000 people in a given population. given population. Total fertility rateTotal fertility rateThe average number of children that would be born to The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. a woman over her lifetime.Infant mortality rateInfant mortality rateMeasures the number of children who die Measures the number of children who die within the first year of life per 1,000 live births. within the first year of life per 1,000 live births.MortalityMortalityThe frequency of deaths in a population. The frequency of deaths in a population. The most commonly used measure of this is The most commonly used measure of this is the crude death rate, the annual number the crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population. population.Mortality is reflected Mortality is reflected in people’s.in people’s.Can you explain how?Can you explain how?Life expectancyLife expectancyThe average number of years a person born in a The average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live.particular year can expect to live.MigrationMigrationThe movement of populations from one The movement of populations from one geographical area to another. geographical area to another. Emigration Emigration When a population leaves an area and When a population leaves an area and immigration when a population enters an immigration when a population enters an area. area.Internal migration Internal migration The movement within a nation’s boundary lines—in contrast with The movement within a nation’s boundary lines—in contrast with immigration, in which boundary lines are crossed.immigration, in which boundary lines are crossed.Theories of PopulationTheories of PopulationMalthus Malthus Populations will always grow faster than Populations will always grow faster than the available food supply the available food supply Malthus believed would increase the food Malthus believed would increase the food supply in an arithmetic progression supply in an arithmetic progressionMalthus recognized the presence of Malthus recognized the presence of certain forces that limit population growth, certain forces that limit population growth, grouping these into two categories: grouping these into two categories: Preventive checks Preventive checks and and Positive checksPositive checksPreventive checks Preventive checks Include celibacy, the delay of marriage, and such Include celibacy, the delay of marriage, and such practices as contraception within marriage, practices as contraception within marriage, extramarital sexual relations, and prostitution. extramarital sexual relations, and prostitution.Positive checksPositive checksEvents that limit reproduction either by causing the Events that limit reproduction either by causing the deaths of individuals before they reach reproductive deaths of individuals before they reach reproductive age or by causing the deaths of large numbers of age or by causing the deaths of large numbers of people, thereby lowering the overall population.people, thereby lowering the overall population.Demographic Transition TheoryDemographic Transition TheoryAccording to the demographic transition
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