Chapter 10Questions for You…Chapter OutlineSlide 4Sex and GenderSociety and GenderThe Pay GapSex CharacteristicsHow Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender?Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Sexual OrientationSlide 14HermaphroditesGender: The Cultural DimensionGender SocializationLearning Gender…EarlySexism toward WomenGender StereotypesPolling QuestionGendered Division of LaborHunting and GatheringHorticultural and PastoralAgrarianIndustrialPostindustrialSingle Mothers with Children Under 18Parents and Gender SocializationPeers and Gender SocializationSchools and Gender SocializationSports and Gender SocializationMass Media and Gender SocializationSlide 34% of Women, African Americans, and Hispanics in Selected OccupationsThe Wage Gap – By AgeThe Wage Gap – By Racial-Ethnic GroupThe Wage Gap – By OccupationThe Wag Gap – By StateViews of Division of Labor by GenderThe Human Capital ModelSociological Perspectives on Gender StratificationSlide 43Quick QuizAnswer: ASlide 47Slide 48Slide 49Answer: DSlide 51Slide 52Slide 53Answer: CSlide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Chapter 10Sex and GenderHow are issues of gender “socially constructed” in society?How do social institutions such as the family, the peer group, eductional institutions and the media facilitate social expectations of gender?Is there evidence that gender role socialization is becoming more “gender neutral?”Questions for You…Chapter OutlineSex: The Biological DimensionGender: The Cultural DimensionGender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary PerspectiveGender and SocializationContemporary Gender InequalityPerspectives on Gender StratificationGender Issues in the FutureChapter OutlineSex and GenderSex refers to the biological differences between females and males.Gender refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males.The organization and social structures within society significantly impact how power, property and prestige are distributed based on gender.Women make up the world’s largest minority population as women, collectively, do not have the sam degrees of power, property and prestige as men world wide.Society and GenderThere is a “pay gap” that exists between men and women in virtually all professions.According to data published by the AFL-CIO, women earn approximately 80% of a man’s income. What social factors could account for the pay gap? Take a look at the link below.http://www.aflcio.org/issues/jobseconomy/women/equalpay/ThePayGapByOccupation.cfm The Pay GapAt birth, male and female infants are distinguished by primary sex characteristics: the genitalia used in the reproductive process. At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of secondary sex characteristics: physical traits that identify an individual’s sex.Sex CharacteristicsTrue or False?Most people have an accurate perception of their physical appearance.How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender?FalseMany people do not have a very accurate perception of their bodies.For example, many girls and women think of themselves as “fat” when they are not.Some boys and men believe that they need a well-developed chest and arm muscles, broad shoulders, and a narrow waist.How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender?How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender?True or False?Young girls and women very rarely die as a result of anorexia or bulimia.How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender?False. Although the exact number is not known, many young girls and women die as a result of starvation, malnutrition, and other problems associated with anorexia and bulimia.An individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).Sexual OrientationHomosexual and gay are most often used in association with males who prefer same-sex relationships.Lesbian is used in association with females who prefer same-sex relationships. Heterosexual individuals, who prefer opposite-sex relationships, are sometimes referred to as straight.Sexual OrientationCaused by a hormone imbalance, a hermaphrodite has a combination of male and female genitalia.Western societies acknowledge two sexes, other societies recognize three:MenWomenBerdaches - males who behave, dress, work,and are treated as women.HermaphroditesGender: The Cultural DimensionMost “sex differences” are socially constructed gender differences.Gender is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society. Gender is used as a means to divide up work, allocate resources, and distribute power.Gender Socialization The process of learning to be male or female.Gender Scripts: The social expectations of gender assigned to males and females.Learning Gender…EarlyThe family introduces the child to an expectation of gender. Toys play a vital role in this process of gender socialization.Take a look at the following link to Toys R Us.Do you notice any patterns regarding stereotypical “gender roles?”http://www.toysrus.com/shophttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/02/worst-toys-for-girls_n_701063.htmlThree components:Negative attitudes toward women.Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice.Discrimination - acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.Sexism toward WomenGender StereotypesMenstrong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearanceWomenweak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearanceIf you were taking a new job and had your choice of a boss, would you prefer to work for a man or a woman?A. ManB. WomanC. No preferencePolling QuestionGendered Division of LaborThree factors:Type of subsistence base.Supply of and demand for labor.The extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work.Economic CharacteristicsHunting game, gathering roots and berriesControl of SurplusNoneInheritanceNoneControl over ProcreationNoneWomen’s StatusRelative EqualityHunting and GatheringEconomic CharacteristicsPlanting crops, domestication of animals for foodControl of SurplusMen begin to control societiesInheritanceShared—patrilineal and matrilinealControl over ProcreationIncreasingly by menWomen’s StatusDecreasing in move to
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