Chapter 16Chapter OutlineCollective BehaviorFactors That Contribute to Collective BehaviorTypes of Crowd BehaviorSlide 6Explanations of Crowd BehaviorSocial MovementsSlide 9Social Movement TheoriesSlide 11Value-Added TheorySlide 13Types of Social MovementsSlide 15Stages in Social MovementsChapter 16Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social ChangeChapter Outline•Collective Behavior•Social Movements•Social Movement Theories•Social Change in the FutureCollective Behavior•Definition of social change •Collective behavior is voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values. •Collective behavior can take various forms, including crowds, mobs, riots, panics, fads, fashions, and public opinion.Factors That Contribute to Collective Behavior1. Structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way.2. Timing.3. Breakdown in social control mechanisms and corresponding feeling of normlessness.Types of Crowd Behavior•Casual crowds - people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.•Conventional crowds - people who come together for a scheduled event and share a common focus. •Protest crowds; Definition •Public opinionTypes of Crowd Behavior•Expressive crowds - people releasing emotions with others who experience similar emotions.•Acting crowds - collectivities so intensely focused that they may erupt into violent behavior. TQExplanations of Crowd Behavior•Contagion Theory - People are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable.•Social unrest and circular reaction - the discontent of one person is communicated to another who reflects it back to the first person.Social Movements•Revolutionary social movement •Alternative social movement •Relative deprivation •Structural conduciveness (promote); movements are more likely to occur when a person, class, or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem.Explanations of Crowd Behavior•Convergence theory - focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs people bring to crowd behavior.• Emergent norm theory - crowds develop their own definition of the situation and establish norms for behavior that fits the occasion.Social Movement TheoriesRelative DeprivationPeople compare achievements, become discontent and join social movements to get their “fair share”. Resource MobilizationPeople participate in social movements when the movement has access to key resources.Social Movement TheoriesNew Social MovementFocus on sources of social movements, including politics, ideology, and culture.Social Construction Theory: Frame AnalysisUsed to determine how people assign meaning to activities and processes in social movements.Value-Added Theory•Conditions required for social movements to develop:1. People are aware of a problem and engage in collective action.2. Society cannot meet expectations for taking care of the problem.3. Spread of a belief of possible solutions to the problem.Value-Added Theory4. Events reinforce the beliefs.5. Mobilization of participants for action.6. Society allows the movement to take action.Types of Social Movements•Reform movements seek to improve society by changing an aspect of the social structure. •Revolutionary movements seek to bring about a total change in society. •Religious movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and typically are based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems.Types of Social Movements•Alternative movements seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior.•Resistance movements seek to prevent or undo change that has already occurred.Stages in Social Movements•Preliminary stage - people begin to become aware of a threatening problem. •Coalescence stage - people begin to organize and start making the threat known to the public. •Institutionalization stage - organizational structure
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