Chapter 10Chapter OutlineSlide 3 Sex and GenderSex CharacteristicsSexual OrientationSlide 7HermaphroditesGender: The Cultural DimensionGenderSexismSexism toward WomenGender StereotypesGendered Division of LaborDivision of laborDivision of LaborHunting and GatheringHorticultural and PastoralAgrarianIndustrialPostindustrialSingle Mothers with Children Under 18Parents and Gender SocializationPeers and Gender SocializationSchools and Gender SocializationSports and Gender SocializationMass Media and Gender Socialization% of Women, African Americans and Hispanics in Selected OccupationsThe Wage GapSlide 30Slide 31Views of Division of Labor by GenderThe Human Capital ModelSociological Perspectives on Gender StratificationSlide 35Chapter 10Sex and GenderChapter Outline•Sex: The Biological Dimension•Gender: The Cultural Dimension•Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary PerspectiveChapter Outline•Gender and Socialization•Contemporary Gender Inequality•Perspectives on Gender Stratification•Gender Issues in the FutureSex and Gender•Sex refers to the biological differences between females and males. •Gender refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males.Sex Characteristics•At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by primary sex characteristics: the genitalia used in the reproductive process. •At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of secondary sex characteristics: physical traits that identify an individual’s sex.Sexual Orientation•An individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).Sexual Orientation•Homosexual and gay are most often used in association with males who prefer same-sex relationships. •Lesbian is used in association with females who prefer same-sex relationships. •Heterosexual individuals, who prefer opposite-sex relationships, are sometimes referred to as straight.Hermaphrodites•Caused by a hormone imbalance, a hermaphrodite has a combination of male and female genitalia. •Western societies acknowledge two sexes, other societies recognize three:–Men–Women–Berdaches - males who behave, dress, work,and are treated as women.Gender: The Cultural Dimension•Most “sex differences” are socially constructed “gender differences”.•Gender is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society. •Gender is used as a means to divide up work, allocate resources, and distribute power.Gender•Gendered institution; meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.Sexism•Is the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of other sex. •Sexism; directed against men is the mistaken idea that it is more harmful for female soldiers to be killed in combat than male soldiers.Sexism toward Women•Three components:–Negative attitudes toward women.–Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice.–Discrimination - acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.Gender Stereotypes•Men–strong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearance•Women–weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearanceGendered Division of Labor Three factors:•Type of subsistence base.•Supply of and demand for labor.•The extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work.Division of labor•Horticultural societies; people are able to grow their own food because of hand tool, such as the digging stick and the hoe. •Postindustrial society; the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on weather people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast food restaurant counter help or health care workersDivision of Labor•Labor market segmentation; is the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditionings, which results in women having separate and unequal jobs. •From the U.S. census Bureau , what occupation has the highest percentage of Hispanic employees? •Double day or second shiftHunting and GatheringEconomic CharacteristicsHunting game, gathering roots and berriesControl of Surplus NoneInheritance NoneControl over ProcreationNoneWomen’s Status Relative EqualityHorticultural and PastoralEconomic CharacteristicsPlanting crops, domestication of animals for foodControl of Surplus Men begin to control societiesInheritanceShared—patrilineal and matrilinealControl over ProcreationIncreasingly by menWomen’s StatusDecreasing in move to pastoralismAgrarianEconomic CharacteristicsLabor-intensive farmingControl of Surplus Men who own land or herdsInheritance Patrilineal Control over ProcreationMen—to ensure legitimacy of heirsWomen’s Status LowIndustrialEconomic CharacteristicsMechanized production of goodsControl of SurplusMen who own means of productionInheritanceBilateralControl over ProcreationMen—but less so in later stagesWomen’s StatusLowPostindustrialEconomic CharacteristicsInformation and service economyControl of SurplusCorporate shareholders and high-tech entrepreneursInheritance BilateralControl over ProcreationMixedWomen’s Status Varies by class, race, and ageSingle Mothers with ChildrenUnder 18•Between 1990 and 2004, the number of U.S. families headed by single mothers increased by about 25%.•This marks a change in the roles of many women, and may indicate that “traditional” households are in decline inParents and Gender Socialization•Children's clothing and toys reflect their parents' gender expectations.•Children are often assigned household tasks according to gender.Peers and Gender Socialization•Peers help children learn gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior.•During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than adults.•College student peers play an important role in career choices and the establishment of long term, intimate relationships.Schools and Gender Socialization•Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and informal interactions with students.•Teachers may unintentionally show favoritism toward one gender over the other.Sports and Gender Socialization•From elementary school through high school: –Boys play football.–Girls are cheerleaders, members of the
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