CHAPTER 6 – Social Groups, Organizations, and Social InstitutionsFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 1Alienation Bureaucracy Bureaucratic ritualismClear hierarchy Dehumanization Division of laborFormal Groupthink GuardsIdeal types In-groups NarrowOut-groups Peer pressure Primary groupsPrisoners Reference groups Secondary groupsSocial group Social groups Solomon AschThe Stanford Prison Experiment Voluntary association Weak reward systemsA _________ is two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity. _________ are small groups characterized by extended face-to-face, intimate interaction. _________ are usually large, formal, impersonal, temporary and focused on a specific task. Primary groups are usually expressive (emotional) and secondary groups are usually instrumental (task-oriented). The characteristics of these groups are _________, the characteristics that most define a social phenomenon,even if they are not present in each case. We are also influenced by _________ (social groups that we belong to and identify with) and _________ social groups that we do not belong to and that we often view negatively). These groups canform our _________, a group we look to for standards of behavior and values. While many of us believe we are not affected by our _________, some experiments show how difficult it is to resist conformity. _________ designed a test to show how _________ would influence individuals to conform.The _________ assessed how quickly we adapt to our social environment by assign some subjects to beguards and some to be prisoners in a mock prison. The subjects took on their roles quickly; the “_________” became dictatorial and the “_________” became withdrawn.There is also _________, a tendency of in-group members to conform and come to consensus without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas. This results in a _________ view of an issue.A _________ organization is usually large, and its members are often organized to achieve a specific task. There are several kinds of formal organizations. In a _________, people share a common interest and the goal is not motivated by financial gain. In a _________, the group has a _________ for specific tasks, a _________ where everyone has a supervisor, and separation of work and ownership where workers do not own their work property.There are several problems with bureaucracies, including _________ where workers have little incentive to excel. These limitations can encourage _________ where focus on rules comes at the expense of the organization’s objectives, alienation, and communication problems. Ultimately, these problems result in _________.CHAPTER 6 – Social Groups, Organizations, and Social InstitutionsFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 2Data Define DysfunctionalEducation Efficiency ExploitFamily Glass ceiling GoalsInterrelated Law LeadershipMcDonaldization Military MoralePower Powerless PredictabilitySocial class Social institution StereotypesThreaten The “_________ of Society” is the social trend where our everyday life is automated, rigid, and impersonal. The characteristics of fast food restaurants are present in many aspects of our lives. This includes an emphasis on _________ where many processes are fast, such as ATMs and texting, calculability, control, and _________ that avoids surprises as much as possible.The functionalist perspective argues that groups and organizations have _________, mutually dependent parts. This perspective also shows that organizations can be _________, such as when workers feel alienated. This dysfunction can _________ the organization through absenteeism, low _________ and productivity, and quitting. Conflict theorists argue that the differences in _________ and control between workers, managers, and owners are seriously problematic. Statuses, such as gender, ethnicity, and _________ can determine an individual’s place in the organization. These inequalities allow owners and managers to easily _________ workers and manipulate consumers, communities, and society at large. Critics argue that this approach emphasizes the _________ and overlooks the cases where organizations are _________ and profitable but don’t exploit workers.Feminist scholars agree with aspects of both the functionalist and conflict approaches – organizations can achieve common _________ and powerful people exploit _________ groups. Feminists rely on micro and macro _________ to argue that women have consistently worse workplace experiences than men, especially in _________ roles. Women often hit a _________ – an invisible barrier preventing them from attaining leadership positions. These barriers often reflect _________ about gender roles. Interactionists emphasize the ways individuals perceive and _________ a situation to affect group dynamics and organizations. Critics of this approach suggest that some of the studies (such as Milgram’sstudy) may be too _________ and may not reflect real life
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