Chapter 1Chapter OutlineSlide 3Putting Social Life Into PerspectiveSocietyWhy Study SociologyFields That Use Social Science ResearchThe Sociological ImaginationSuicideSuicide Rates by Race and SexAugust ComteTwo Dimensions Of Comte’s PositivismEmile DurkheimKarl MarxMax WeberGeorg SimmelTheoretical PerspectivesMajor Theoretical PerspectivesSlide 19Theory and Research CycleDefinition of TheoryTypes of variableConventional Research ModelHypothesized Relationships Between Variables: CausalHypothesized Relationships Between Variables: Inverse CausalHypothesized Relationships Between Variables: Multiple-causeQualitative Research MethodSlide 28Research Methods: Survey ResearchResearch Methods: Analysis of Existing DataResearch Methods: Field ResearchApproaches to Field ResearchResearch Methods: ExperimentsASA Code of EthicsSlide 35Chapter 1Chapter 1The Sociological Perspective The Sociological Perspective andand Research Methods Research MethodsChapter OutlineChapter OutlinePutting Social Life into PerspectivePutting Social Life into PerspectiveComparing Sociology with Other Comparing Sociology with Other Social SciencesSocial SciencesThe Development of Sociological The Development of Sociological ThinkingThinkingContemporary Theoretical Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesPerspectivesChapter OutlineChapter OutlineContemporary Theoretical Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesPerspectivesThe Sociological Research ProcessThe Sociological Research ProcessResearch MethodsResearch MethodsEthical Issues in Sociological Ethical Issues in Sociological ResearchResearchPutting Social Life Into Putting Social Life Into PerspectivePerspectiveSociologySociology is the systematic study of is the systematic study of human society and social interaction. human society and social interaction. Sociologists study societies and Sociologists study societies and social interactions to develop social interactions to develop theories about :theories about :How behavior is shaped by group lifeHow behavior is shaped by group lifeHow group life is affected by individualsHow group life is affected by individualsSocietySocietyA large social grouping that shares the A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.and dominant cultural expectations.We are all affected by global We are all affected by global interdependence, a relationship in interdependence, a relationship in which the lives of all people are which the lives of all people are intertwined and any nation’s problems intertwined and any nation’s problems are part of a larger global problem. are part of a larger global problem.Why Study SociologyWhy Study SociologyHelps us gain a better understanding Helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and our social world.of ourselves and our social world.Helps us see how behavior is shaped Helps us see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and by the groups to which we belong and our society.our society.Promotes understanding and tolerance Promotes understanding and tolerance by helping us look beyond personal by helping us look beyond personal experiences and gain insight into the experiences and gain insight into the larger world order.larger world order.Fields That Use Social Science Fields That Use Social Science ResearchResearchThe Sociological ImaginationThe Sociological ImaginationThe ability to see the relationship The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and between individual experiences and the larger society.the larger society.Distinguishes between personal Distinguishes between personal troubles and social issues.troubles and social issues.SuicideSuicideAs a Personal Trouble:As a Personal Trouble:Many people consider suicide to be theMany people consider suicide to be theresult of personal problems.result of personal problems.As a Public Issue:As a Public Issue:Sociologist Emile Durkheim related suicide Sociologist Emile Durkheim related suicide to the issue of cohesiveness in society to the issue of cohesiveness in society instead of viewing it as an isolated act that instead of viewing it as an isolated act that could be understood by studying individual could be understood by studying individual personalities or inherited tendencies. personalities or inherited tendencies.Suicide Rates by Race and Suicide Rates by Race and SexSexRates indicate the number of deaths by suicide for Rates indicate the number of deaths by suicide for every 100,000 people in each category for 2001.every 100,000 people in each category for 2001.August ComteAugust ComteConsidered the “founder of sociology.”Considered the “founder of sociology.”Comte’s philosophy became known as Comte’s philosophy became known as positivismpositivism— a belief that the world can — a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific best be understood through scientific inquiry.inquiry.Comte believed objective, bias-free Comte believed objective, bias-free knowledge was attainable only through knowledge was attainable only through the use of science rather than religion.the use of science rather than religion.Two Dimensions Of Comte’s Two Dimensions Of Comte’s PositivismPositivism1.1.MethodologicalMethodologicalThe application of scientific knowledge The application of scientific knowledge to physical and social phenomena.to physical and social phenomena.2.2.Social and politicalSocial and politicalThe use of such knowledge to predict The use of such knowledge to predict the likely results of different policies so the likely results of different policies so the best one could be chosen.the best one could be chosen.Emile DurkheimEmile DurkheimBelieved the limits of human Believed the limits of human potential are socially based.potential are socially based.One of his most important One of his most important contributions was the concept of contributions was the concept of social facts. social facts. Social facts are patterned ways of Social facts are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but exert outside any one individual but exert social control over each person.social control over each
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