CHAPTER 4 – SocializationFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 1Continue Directly Family preparatoryFeminine Game GeneticallyImitation play Indirectly InteractionInternalized Judge LearnLooking-glass self Masculine MeasureNature nurture Perceive Self-feelingsSignificant others Social learning theories SocializationSociobiologySocialization is the ongoing process of interaction where we gain a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting. Socialization also helps continue cultural patterns from one generation to the next. When we learn behaviors and expectations of our culture and accept them as part of ourselves, we have internalized those cultural values.Sociobiology is the theoretical approach that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of people. Most sociologists acknowledge that nature affects human development, but argue that nurture is more important because socialization even affects biology. Margaret Mead analyzed cross-cultural gender expectations and found a wide variety of norms for men and women. She concluded that characteristics we think of as masculine (e.g., being aggressive) or feminine (e.g., being emotional) are culturally determined, not biologically determined. Many sociologists would like a “genetically informed sociology” acknowledging that the nature or nurture debate is outdated.Social learning theories argue that we learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors as a part of our interaction with others, especially in childhood. We learn these behaviors both directly through rewardsand punishments, and indirectly through imitating others. As we develop our self, Charles Horton Cooley argued that we develop a looking-glass self, a self-image based on how we think others see us. This progresses through several phases. In the first phase, we imagine how others perceive us. In the second phase, we imagine how others judge us. In the third phase, we experience self-feelings.George Herbert Mead argued that the most critical socialization occurred in the family. In the preparatory stage, children learn through imitation. In the play stage, children begin to use language and emulate the words and behaviors of “significant others”. In the game stage, children through adults begin to recognize the connections between roles.There are critics of the social learning approach. It is difficult to measure some essential concepts such as self, me and I. Socialization also often depends on social context.CHAPTER 4 – SocializationFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 2Adolescence Adulthood Agents of socializationAuthoritarian Authoritative ChildhoodIncreases Infancy Later lifeParenting Roles Peer Groups PermissiveResocialization Teachers and Schools Total institutionsUninvolved Work RolesThere are several agents of socialization that teach us social values and norms. The family uses various parenting styles to socialize children. Authoritarian parenting is a rigid, unresponsive approach towards children, with a goal of controlling a child’s behavior. Authoritative parenting is a warm, responsive, and involved yet unobtrusive approach. Permissive parenting is a lax approach where parents set few rules but are usually warm and responsive. Uninvolved parenting is an indifferent and neglectful approach.Peer groups who are similar in age, social status, and interests are another agent of socialization. This group’s influence of usually increases as children age. Another important agent of socialization includesteachers and schools, which teach children to think about the world in different ways.Socialization continues throughout the life course. During infancy, we require constant attention from caregivers. Childhood is a time when children spend more time playing than working, and is a fairly recent phenomenon. Adolescence is a prolonged stage in developed societies where young adults continue their education and put off adult responsibilities. During adulthood, we adopt a series of new roles, such as work and family roles. Work roles include learning the social rules in a job setting. Parenting roles are also learned – we do not know how to parent simply by giving birth. In later life, we must learn new roles, including being retired.Resocialization is the process of unlearning old behaviors and adopting new behaviors or values. In total institutions , individuals are separated from the larger society, stripped of their identities, and must conform to new rules and
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