Slide 1After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:The Nature of GroupsSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Functions of GroupsSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Differences between positive and negative reference groupsSlide 24Slide 25Example of a DyadSlide 27Slide 28Slide 29Mechanical and Organic SolidaritySlide 31BureaucracyWeber’s Model of Bureaucracy: An Ideal TypeSlide 34Weber outlined six characteristics of bureaucraciesThe Iron Law of OligarchySlide 37Social InstitutionsSocial OrganizationSocial Groups Social Groups and and OrganizationsOrganizationsChapter 6Chapter 6After studying this chapter, you should After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:be able to do the following: ◗ ◗Distinguish between primary and secondary groups.Distinguish between primary and secondary groups. ◗ ◗Explain the functions of groups.Explain the functions of groups. ◗ ◗Understand the role of reference groups.Understand the role of reference groups. ◗ ◗Know the influence of group size.Know the influence of group size. ◗ ◗Understand the characteristics of bureaucracy.Understand the characteristics of bureaucracy. ◗ ◗Know what Michels’s concept of “the iron law of Know what Michels’s concept of “the iron law of oligarchy” is.oligarchy” is. ◗ ◗Understand why social institutions are important.Understand why social institutions are important.The Nature of GroupsThe Nature of GroupsGroup Group Is often used for almost any occasion Is often used for almost any occasion when two or more people come together. when two or more people come together. In sociology, however, we use several In sociology, however, we use several terms for various collections of people, not terms for various collections of people, not all of which are considered groups. all of which are considered groups.Social group Social group Consists of a number of people who have Consists of a number of people who have a common identity, some feeling of unity, a common identity, some feeling of unity, and certain common goals and shared and certain common goals and shared norms normsWhy do you feel Why do you feel social groups social groups are are important?important?A social group has a purpose and is A social group has a purpose and is therefore important to its members, who therefore important to its members, who know how to tell an “know how to tell an “insider”insider” from an from an “outsider.”“outsider.”Describe what is meant by insider Describe what is meant by insider and outsider.and outsider.Social AggregateSocial AggregateIs made up of people who temporarily Is made up of people who temporarily happen to be in physical proximity to each happen to be in physical proximity to each other, but share little else. other, but share little else.Six characteristics of social groups:Six characteristics of social groups:Permanence beyond the meetings of members, Permanence beyond the meetings of members, that is, even when members are dispersed that is, even when members are dispersed Means for identifying membersMeans for identifying membersMechanisms for recruiting new membersMechanisms for recruiting new membersGoals or purposesGoals or purposesSocial statuses and roles, that is, norms for Social statuses and roles, that is, norms for behaviorbehaviorMeans for controlling members’ behaviorMeans for controlling members’ behaviorPrimary and Secondary GroupsPrimary and Secondary GroupsWhat is the difference between a What is the difference between a primary primary group group and a and a secondary groupsecondary group??Give an example.Give an example.The difference between primary and The difference between primary and secondary groups lies in the secondary groups lies in the kinds of kinds of relationships relationships their members have with one their members have with one another. another.Primary groups Primary groups Involve interaction among members who Involve interaction among members who have an emotional investment in one have an emotional investment in one another and in a situation, who know one another and in a situation, who know one another intimately, and who interact as another intimately, and who interact as total individuals rather than through total individuals rather than through specialized roles. specialized roles.Secondary groupSecondary groupIs characterized by much less intimacy Is characterized by much less intimacy among its members. among its members. It usually has specific goalsIt usually has specific goalsIs formally organized and is impersonalIs formally organized and is impersonal..Primary GroupPrimary GroupSecondary GroupSecondary GroupFamilyFamily Co-Workers Co-WorkersFunctions of GroupsFunctions of GroupsTo function properly, all groups—both primary and To function properly, all groups—both primary and secondary—mustsecondary—mustDefining BoundariesDefining BoundariesChoosing Leaders Choosing Leaders Making Decisions Making Decisions Setting Goals Setting Goals Assigning Tasks Assigning Tasks Controlling Members’ Behavior Controlling Members’ Behavior Reference GroupsReference GroupsChoosing LeadersChoosing LeadersAll groups must grapple with the issue of All groups must grapple with the issue of leadership.leadership.A leader is someone who occupies a A leader is someone who occupies a central role or position of dominance and central role or position of dominance and influence in a group. influence in a group.Two types of leadership rolesTwo types of leadership rolesBoth kinds of leadership are crucial to the success of a group.Both kinds of leadership are crucial to the success of a group.Instrumental leadershipInstrumental leadershipIn which a leader actively proposes tasks In which a leader actively proposes tasks and plans to guide the group toward and plans to guide the group toward achieving its goals.achieving its goals.Expressive leadershipExpressive leadershipA Leader works to keep relations among A Leader works to keep relations among group members harmonious and morale group members harmonious and morale highhighResponsibilities of Leaders Responsibilities of LeadersReference groupReference groupA group or social category that an A group or social category that an individual uses to
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