CHAPTER 9: GENDER AND SEXUALITYFEMALE-MALE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCESSlide 3DiscussionApplicationSlide 6CONTEMPORARY GENDER STRATIFICATION AND INEQUALITYExamples of gender inequality:Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Example of gender inequalitySlide 13Advances toward Equality:Slide 15Slide 16SEXUAL ORIENTATIONHomosexualityGay RightsSOME CURRENT CONTROVERSIES ABOUT GENDER AND SEXUALITYAbortionsSlide 22Slide 23Same-Sex MarriageSlide 25Slide 26PornographySlide 28SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF GENDER INEQUALITY AND SEXUALITYConflict TheoryFeminist TheoriesSlide 32Orientation SymbolsSymbolic InteractionistSlide 35Slide 36Internet Connections: Quick LinksCHAPTER 9: GENDER AND SEXUALITYFEMALE-MALE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES•Sex—the biological characteristics with which we were born–Chromosomes, anatomy, hormones•Gender—learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other–Based on social and cultural expectations1•Gender identity—a perception of self as either male or female•Gender roles—characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males1DiscussionIn what ways were you socialized into gender?1ApplicationIdentify the correct concept: sex, gender, gender identity, or gender role–Three-year-old Samantha announces, "I'm a girl and girls don't do that."–Kendra is born with a vagina and ovaries.Application–When Paul falls down on the playground he tries not to cry.–Juan believes that males should protect their families.CONTEMPORARY GENDER STRATIFICATION AND INEQUALITY•Sexism—an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually women, based on assumed superiority of the other sex•Gender stratification—people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources2Examples of gender inequality:–While men do more housework than in the past, women are likely to do most of it.–By third grade, boys outperform girls in math and science while girls excel at reading.–Women tend to be elementary teachers while males are hired as professors.2Examples of gender inequality:•Sex segregation still exists between and within occupations.•The gender pay gap refers to the income difference between males and females.•The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that keeps women from being successful.2Examples of gender inequality:•Sexual harassment is especially common in male-dominated occupations.•Women are much less likely to be elected to office, especially at higher levels.2Examples of gender inequality:2Example of gender inequalityOf the almost 632,000 full-time faculty in 2005, 49% were womenExample of gender inequalityAdvances toward Equality:•On average, men's domestic work has increased.•Sexual harassment became illegal with the Civil Rights Act of 1964.•The Federal Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 makes it illegal for employers to penalize an employee for pregnancy.2Advances toward Equality:•In 2007, Nancy Pelosi became the first female Speaker of the House.•Women are increasingly becoming mayors, governors, and members of Congress.2DiscussionWhy does sexual stratification continue to exist?2SEXUAL ORIENTATION•Sexual orientation—a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of both sexes3Homosexuality•About 4% of Americans identify themselves as homosexual and almost 5% describe themselves as bisexual.•Sexual orientation is most likely the result of a combination of biological and environmental influences.3•Heterosexism— a belief that heterosexuality is superior and natural•Homophobia— the fear and hatred of homosexuality.3Acceptance of gay rights is growing.Gay RightsSOME CURRENT CONTROVERSIES ABOUT GENDER AND SEXUALITY•Abortion—the expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus•Abortion was outlawed in the 1800s and legalized again in 1973 with Roe v. Wade.•The abortion rate has decreased steadily since 1980.•It is most common among young, never-married women.44•About 55% of Americans support abortion, but with some limits.•20% believe it should be illegal in all circumstances.•24% believe it should be legal.•Abortion rights remains a controversial topic.AbortionsAbortionsDiscussionWhat do you think the laws about abortion should be?4Same-Sex Marriage•In 1999, Vermont became the first state to recognize equal marriage rights for same-sex couples through civil unions.•In 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to recognize same-sex marriages.•42 states limit marriage to a man and a woman.4•A majority of Americans support civil unions.•A majority of Americans oppose same-sex marriage.4Same-Sex MarriageDiscussion•What do you think the laws should be about civil unions?•What do you think the laws should be about same-sex marriages?4Pornography•Pornography—the graphic depiction of images that causes sexual arousal•In the U.S., pornography is a $15 billion industry.•Over 90% of Internet pornography viewers are men.•Pornography remains a controversial subject.4DiscussionWhat do you think the laws about pornography should be?4SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF GENDER INEQUALITY AND SEXUALITY•Functionalism views the division of gender roles as functional for society.–Males play an instrumental role.–Females play an expressive role.–Orderly sexuality is critical for reproduction of society.5•Conflict theory sees gender inequality as built into the social structure.•Capitalism explains complementary roles.•Men's domination of women is the result of gender power differences.5Conflict Theory•Feminist theories emphasize women's subordination.–Liberal feminism maintains that gender equality can be achieved through equal civil rights and equal opportunities.–Radical feminism contends that patriarchy is the reason for women's oppression.5Feminist Theories–Multiracial feminism maintains that gender, race, and social class intertwine to form a hierarchical stratification system.•Feminist theorists point to sexuality as the root of inequality.5Feminist TheoriesOrientation Symbols•Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the everyday processes that produce and reinforce gender roles.•Our view of reality, including gender, is a social construction.•Inequality results from learning gender roles and learning sexuality.5Symbolic InteractionistDiscussionHow do we "do gender?"5ApplicationWhich theory is it?–Inequality results from the capitalist
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