CHAPTER 3 – CultureFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 1Change Changing Cultural imperialismCultural integration Cultural relativism Cultural universalsCulture Ethnocentrism FolkwaysIdeal Language LawsLearned Material MoresNonmaterial Norms RealSociety Symbols Tell the differencesTransmission ValuesA society is group of people who form a social unit with a shared way of life. All of the learned behaviors, attitudes, symbols, and objects that represent a particular group are known as culture. C ulture is learned – what we believe about the world depends largely on our cultural values. We learn these values through transmission from our parents, friends, and media. And, while culture is shared, it is also always changing and adapting to new developments.Material culture is a set of physical objects that are used by and characterize a culture. Nonmaterial culture is a set of ideas and beliefs common to a culture. Both types of culture can become symbols.Symbols help us tell the differences between one culture and another. Symbols change over time, adapting to new developments in a culture. A system of symbols that help members of a culture communicate is called language. The way a culture uses language reflects a culture’s values – the ideas and beliefs that identify what is good or desirable and bad or undesirable.Values are different from culture to culture and change over time. They are usually embodied in specific rules governing our behavior, known as norms. Folkways are norms that are not critical, and breaking them result in very few sanctions. Mores are more serious norms because they reflect moral or ethical behavior. Formal rules for our behavior, or laws, and are enforced by a political authority.Cultural universals are customs that are common to all cultures, but the way these customs are practiced varies widely across societies. The beliefs and values members of a society claim they practice is called ideal culture. The actual behavior of a society’s members is known as real culture. When individuals believe their culture is better than others, they are practicing ethnocentrism. Culturalimperialism occurs when the values and products of one culture dominate others. Cultural integration occurs when various aspects of a society work together to promote order and stability. When individuals believe that a culture should be judged by its own standards, they are practicing cultural relativism.CHAPTER 3 – CultureFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 2Cooperation Counterculture Create and maintainCulture shock Diffusion DiscoveryDivisiveness Dysfunctional FrameworkInnovation Invention MenMulticulturalism Popular culture PowerfulPowerless Social bonds Social changeSocial institutions Subculture TogetherWomenSeveral cultures sometimes exist within the same geographic area, called multiculturalism. A subculture is a group within a society that has distinctive patterns of behavior that are different from thelarger society. A counterculture is a subculture that deliberately opposes some aspect of the larger society. When individuals experience disorientation from an unfamiliar way of life, they are experiencing culture shock. The cultural patterns that are shared among the majority of the population are known as popular culture.There are four ways cultures change. Diffusion is when a cultural item spreads. Invention is creating a new cultural item. Innovation is adapting a cultural item to a new purpose. Finally, discovery is revealing an unknown cultural item.Functionalists emphasize cultural universals and the way cultural patterns create social bonds that attachpeople to society. They note that a cultural pattern can be dysfunctional when it harms the functioning of society. The problem with this approach is that it overlooks social change.From a conflict perspective, cultural patterns reflect the values and norms of the powerful people in society, often to the detriment of the powerless. However, cultural patterns do bring people together, an aspect conflict theorists overlook.Feminist theories focus on the way cultural patterns benefit men more than women. Like conflict theorists, the this perspective emphasizes divisiveness at the expense of cultural patterns that encourage cooperation.Interactionists analyze the way people create and maintain cultural patterns, but they don’t provide a systematic framework for understanding this process and they neglect the influence of social
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