Chapter 6Questions for you…Chapter OutlineChapter Outline (con’t)DevianceDeviance and SocietyDeviance and Social InequalityHow Much Do You Know About Peer Cliques, Youth Gangs, and Deviance?How Much Do You Know About Youth Gangs, and Deviance?How Much Do You Know About Youth Gangs and Deviance?How Much Do You Know About Youth Gangs, and Deviance?What Is Social Control?Slide 13Polling QuestionFunctionalist PerspectiveMerton’s Strain Theory of DevianceSlide 17Opportunity TheoryFunctionalist PerspectivesSlide 20Interactionist PerspectivesSlide 22Conflict PerspectivesDifferential Association Theory PerspectivesDifferential Reinforcement TheorySocial Bond TheoryLabeling TheoryPostmodern PerspectiveStages in the Labeling ProcessHow the Law Classifies CrimeSlide 31How Sociologists Classify CrimeSlide 34FBI Crime ClockArrest Rates by Gender, 2008Arrest Rates by Race, 2008Discretionary Powers in Law EnforcementFunctions of PunishmentSlide 40Slide 41Death Row Census, 2009Global crimeReducing Global CrimeQuick QuizAnswer: ASlide 48Answer: BSlide 50Slide 51Slide 52Answer: DSlide 54Answer: BSlide 56Slide 57Chapter 6Deviance and CrimeQuestions for you…Think of a situation in which you were labeled as a “deviant.” How did the label make you feel? Did you embrace or reject the label?How is deviance more about how people respond to the person labeled as deviant?How is deviance a matter of “relativity”?Chapter OutlineWhat Is Deviance?Functionalist Perspectives on DevianceConflict Perspectives on DevianceSymbolic Interactionist Perspectives on DeviancePostmodernist Perspectives on DevianceChapter Outline (con’t)Crime Classifications and StatisticsThe Criminal Justice SystemDeviance and Crime in the U.S. in the FutureThe Global Criminal EconomyDevianceAny behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs: drinking too muchrobbing a banklaughing at a funeralDeviance and SocietyDeviance can vary from culture to culture.Deviance can vary from time to time within the same culture.Through social change, what was once deviant can become the “norm.”Deviance and Social InequalityIssues of social inequality affect group experiences and overall treatment in the criminal justice system.How Much Do You Know About Peer Cliques, Youth Gangs, and Deviance?True or False? Street crime has a much higher economic cost to society than crimes committed in executive suites or by government officials.How Much Do You Know About Youth Gangs, and Deviance?False Although street crime—such as assault and robbery—often has a greater psychological cost, crimes committed by persons in top positions in business or government have a far greater economic cost, especially for U.S. taxpayers.How Much Do You Know About Youth Gangs and Deviance?True or False? Juvenile gangs are an urban problem; few rural areas have problems with gangs.How Much Do You Know About Youth Gangs, and Deviance?False. Gangs are frequently thought of as an urban problem because central-city gangs organized around drug dealing have become prominent in recent years; however, gangs are found in rural areas throughout the country as well.What Is Social Control?Practices that social groups develop to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.What Is Social Control?Internal social control takes place when individuals internalize norms and values and follow those norms and values in their lives. External social control involves negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers.Polling QuestionDo you favor or oppose federal legislation banning the manufacture, sale, or possession of semi-automatic assault guns, such as the AK-47?A. FavorB. OpposeC. Don't knowFunctionalist PerspectiveDeviance serves three functions:1. Deviance clarifies rules.2. Deviance unites a group.3. Deviance promotes social change.Merton’s Strain Theory of DevianceMode MethodConformityAccepts approved goals, pursues them through approved means.InnovationAccepts approved goals; uses disapproved means.RitualismAbandons society’s goals; conforms to approved means.Merton’s Strain Theory of DevianceMode MethodRetreatismAbandons approved goals and approved means.RebellionChallenges approved goals and approved means.Opportunity TheorySociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1960) suggested that for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures:Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.Functionalist PerspectivesTheory Key Elements Strain theoryDeviance occurs when approved means of reaching approved goals is blocked.Opportunity theoryLower-class delinquents subscribe to middleclass values they can’t attain. They may achieve goals illegitimately.Functionalist PerspectivesTheory Key ElementsSocial control/social bondingWhen ties to family and friends are weak, individuals are likely to engage in criminal behavior.Interactionist PerspectivesTheory Key elementDifferential associationDeviant behavior is learned in interaction with others.Labeling theoryActs are deviant because they have been labeled as such.Interactionist PerspectivesTheory Key elementPrimary/secondaryA person accepts the “deviant” label and continues to engage in “deviant” behavior.Conflict PerspectivesTheory Key ElementsCritical approachThe powerful use the criminal justice system to protect their interests.Feminist approachLiberal- deviance arises from discrimination. Radical- focuses on patriarchySocialist - focuses on capitalism and patriarchyDifferential Association Theory PerspectivesStates that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. From this approach, criminal behavior is learned within intimate personal groups such as one’s family and peer groupsDifferential ReinforcementTheoryCriminologist Ronald Akers (1998) combined differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory to create differential reinforcement theory. If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “right,” they is more likely to engage in deviant behavior.If a person’s friends and
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