CHAPTER 9 – Gender and SexualityFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 1Asexual Bisexuals DiscriminationEducational Emotions Gender identityGender pay gaps Gender stratification Glass ceilingHeterosexuals Homosexuals IdentityIntersexuals Occupations PregnancyRoles Sex Gender SexismSexual harassment Sexual identity Sexual orientationTransgendered Transsexuals TransvestitesSex refers to the biological categories of male and female. Gender refers to the socially approved behaviors for women and men. Gender identity is our self definition as a woman or a man. Most Americans believe women are more emotional than men; in fact, both sexes experience emotions just as deeply. However, due to gender roles - the characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males – women tend to be more open about their emotions than men.Sexism, an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually women, based on the assumedsuperiority of the other sex. Sexism is widespread due to gender stratification—people’s unequal access to wealth, power, and other valued resources because of their sex.In the workplace, there are large gender pay gaps. Women earn less than men at all educational levels, but the gender pay gap increases as the level of educational attainment increases. Numerous women experience sexual harassment, or unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors for example. Women also experience pregnancy discrimination. The wage gap can be partially explained by differences in education, experience, and time in the labor force, but about 41 percent of the gap is the result of sex discrimination in hiring, promotion and pay, bias against mothers, and occupational segregation. Many believe that women choose fields which pay less, but women have lower earnings than men in both high- and low-paying occupations. Women get stuck under a glass ceiling – an invisible barrier blocking women from promotions. Sexual identity is the way we think of ourselves as male or female and the ways that we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. Most people’s sexual identity corresponds with their biological sex and their gender identity but not always. Our sexual identity incorporates a sexual orientation towards sexual partners of the same sex (homosexuals), partners of the other sex (heterosexuals) or partners of both sexes (bisexuals). If individuals lack any interest in sex, they are considered asexual. Heterosexuality is the predominant sexual orientation worldwide, but homosexuality exists in all known cultures. Transgendered people includes transsexuals, or people born with one biological sex but who live as another sex, intersexuals, people whose medical classification at birth is not clearly either male or female, and transvestites, people who cross-dress at times but don't necessarily consider themselves a member of the opposite sex.CHAPTER 9 – Gender and SexualityFill in the BlankSelect the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.Section 2Abortion Abortion rate Anti-abortionCivil unions Consciousness DecideDiscrimination Endangers Gay bashingHarmless Heterosexism HigherHomophobia Mental ObscenePornography Postpartum depression RiskSame-sex marriage Sexual scripts ViolenceMost of us have internalized sexual scripts, which are the formal or informal norms for socially acceptable sexual activity. Heterosexism is a belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality. Evidence of this is seen in the arguments against same-sex marriage. Homophobia is the fear and hatred of homosexuality. While continuing to be widespread, it is less common than in the past. Some examples of homophobia include gay bashing (threats, assaults, or acts of violence directed at homosexuals). Job discrimination against GLBTs has decreased in recent years.Abortion is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus (intentionally or unintentionally). U.S. Supreme Court legalized abortion in its Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. The abortion rate has declined steadily since 1981. Anti-abortion groups believe that the embryo or fetus is a human being from the time of conception and has a right to live and that abortion endangers a woman’s physical and emotional health. Abortion rights advocates believe that, at the moment of conception, the organism lacks a brain or consciousness and that a pregnant woman has the right to decide what will happen to her body. Abortions performed in the first trimester pose virtually no long-term risk of physical problems; for women who have abortions, the risk of mental health problems after an abortion was no greater than having a baby and undergoing normal postpartum depression. Same-sex marriage is a legally recognized marriage between two people of the same sex. Some states have legalized civil unions giving gay couples the same legal rights as married couples. Opposition to same-sex marriage is considerably higher among those who have conservative views on family issues. Pornography is the graphic depiction of images that cause sexual arousal, including photographs, videos, and other visual materials. Some people see adults’ viewing of pornography as a harmless erotic recreation that helps enhance the economy and men’s sexual lives. Others denounce pornography as debasing and obscene, arguing that it devalues and exploits women, increases violence against girls and women, and makes people more accepting of
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