Chapter 2Chapter OutlineCultureSlide 4Slide 5Gestures With Different Meanings in Other SocietiesSlide 7Slide 8Cultural UniversalsComponents of CultureSlide 11American Ideal CulturePart of test QuestionPsychologist Sigmund FreudSapir–Whorf HypothesisLanguage and GenderLanguages Spoken in U.S. HouseholdsSlide 18Ten Core American ValuesSlide 20NormsFormal and Informal NormsFolkwaysMoresLawsTechnology, Cultural Change, And DiversityCultural DiversityCultural Diversity of U.S. Society: ReligionCultural Diversity of U.S. Society: IncomeCultural Diversity of U.S. Society:Race/EthnicityHigh CulturePopular CultureThe Old Order Amish SubcultureExamples of CounterculturesCulture Shock, Ethnocentrism, and Cultural RelativismSociological Analysis of CultureSlide 37Chapter 2CultureChapter Outline•Culture and Society in a Changing World•Components of Culture•Technology, Cultural Change, and Diversity•A Global Popular Culture?•Sociological Analysis of Culture•Culture in the FutureCulture•The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.Culture•Culture is essential for survival and communication with other people.•Culture is learned through interaction, observation and imitation.•Culture is fundamental for the survival of societies.Culture•Material culture–Physical or tangible creations (such as clothing shelter, and art) that members of a society make, use, and share.•Nonmaterial culture–Abstract or intangible human creations of society (such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence people’s behavior.Gestures With Different Meanings in Other Societies“Hook ‘em Horns”or“Your spouse is unfaithful”Gestures With Different Meanings in Other Societies“He’s crazy”or“You have a telephone call”Gestures With Different Meanings in Other Societies“Okay”Or“I’ll kill you”Cultural Universals•Examples:–Appearance (bodily adornment, hairstyles)–Activities (sports, dancing, games, joking)–Social institutions (family, law, religion)–Practices (cooking, folklore, gift giving)Components of CultureSymbolAnything that meaningfully represents something else.LanguageSymbols that express ideas and enable people to communicate.Components of CultureValuesCollective ideas about what is right or wrong and good or badNormsEstablished rules of behavior or standards of conduct.American Ideal Culture •America society stands for equal opportunity for all.Part of test Question1. Definition of culture2. Definition of symbol3. Conflict theory and language 4. Definition of symbolPsychologist Sigmund Freud •Id ; the part of the personality that include various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desire biological urges. •Ego; the part of the self presenting reason and common sense. •Superego; the dimension of the self representing the cultural standards of societySapir–Whorf Hypothesis•According to this theory, language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.•If people are able to think only through language, then language must precede thought.Language and GenderMale Term Female Term Neutral TermTeacher Teacher TeacherWorker/employeeWorking motherWorker/employeeJanitor/maintenance manMaid/cleaning ladyCustodial attendantLanguages Spokenin U.S. HouseholdsLanguageTotal EstimatedNumber of SpeakersEnglish only 215,423,557Spanish 28,101,052Chinese 2,022,143French 1,643,838German 1,383,442Tagalog 1,224,241Languages Spokenin U.S. HouseholdsLanguageTotal EstimatedNumber of SpeakersVietnamese 1,009,627Italian 1,008,370Korean 894,063Russian 706,242Polish 667,414Arabic 614,582Ten Core American Values1. Individualism2. Achievement and Success3. Activity and Work4. Science and Technology5. Progress and Material ComfortTen Core American Values6. Efficiency and Practicality7. Equality8. Morality and Humanitarianism9. Freedom and Liberty10. Racism and Group SuperiorityNorms•Norms are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.–Prescriptive norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable.–Proscriptive norms state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable.Formal and Informal Norms•Formal norms are written down and involve specific punishments for violators.– Laws are the most common type of formal norms.•Informal norms are unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity. –When individuals violate informal norms, people may apply informal sanctions.Folkways•Everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.•In the United States, folkways include:–using deodorant–brushing our teeth–wearing appropriate clothing for a specific occasionMores•Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences. –Taboos are mores so strong that violation is considered extremely offensive and even unmentionable. –The incest taboo, which prohibits sexual relations between certain kin, is an example of a nearly universal taboo.Laws•Formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.–Civil law deals with disputes among persons or groups.–Criminal law deals with public safety and well-being.Technology, Cultural Change, And Diversity•Changes in technology continue to shape the material culture of society.•Cultural lag is a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions.Cultural Diversity•Cultural differences between and within nations are caused by: –Natural circumstances •Climate, geography–Social circumstances•Technology, composition of the populationCultural Diversity of U.S. Society: ReligionCultural Diversity of U.S. Society: IncomeCultural Diversity of U.S. Society:Race/EthnicityHigh Culture• Classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities patronized by members of the upper-middle and upper classes, with time, money, and knowledge assumed necessary for its appreciation.Popular Culture •Activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to the middle and working classes. •These include rock concerts, spectator sports, movies, and television.The Old Order Amish Subculture•Strong faith in God.•Rejection of worldly concerns.•Rely on horse and buggy for transportation.Examples of
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