Chapter 3Chapter OutlineSlide 3SocializationWhy Socialization Is ImportantFunctionalist view SocializationSociobiologyHuman DevelopmentFreud’s Theory of PersonalitySlide 10Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentSlide 12The Looking-Glass SelfSlide 14Mead and Role-takingMead’s Three Stages of Self-DevelopmentSlide 17Agents of SocializationFunctionalist Perspective: Functions of SchoolsConflict Perspective: SchoolsMedia As Socializing AgentsChapter 3SocializationChapter Outline•Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?•Social Psychological Theories of Human Development•Sociological Theories of Human DevelopmentChapter Outline•Agents of Socialization•Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization•Socialization Through the Life Course•Resocialization•Socialization in the FutureSocialization•The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. •Socialization is the essential link between the individual and society.Why Socialization Is Important•Teaches us ways to think, talk and act that are necessary for social living.•Ensures that members of society are socialized to support the existing social structure.•Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.Functionalist view Socialization•Individuals conformity to societies norms create stability and balance against the needs of the social structure.Sociobiology•Is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.Human DevelopmentEach of us is a product of two forces: 1. Heredity- “nature” •Determines our physical makeup.2. Social environment -“nurture.”•Determines how we develop and behave.Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality•Human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality:–Id–Ego–SuperegoPiaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children understand the world through sensory contact and immediate action.2. Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children begin to use words as symbols and form mental images.Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development3. Concrete operational stage (7 to 11) - children think in terms of tangible objects and events. 4. Formal operational stage (12 and up) - adolescents begin to think about the future and evaluate different courses of action.The Looking-Glass Self1. We imagine how we look to others.2. We imagine how other people judge the appearance that we think we present.•If we think the evaluation is favorable our self-concept is enhanced.•If we think the evaluation is unfavorable, our self-concept is diminished.The Looking-Glass SelfMead and Role-takingThe self is divided into “I” and “Me”:•“I” represents the unique traits of each person.•“Me” is composed of the demands of others and the awareness of those demands. •“I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three stages of self development.Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development1. Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)Children prepare for role-taking by imitating the people around them.2. Play Stage (3 - 5)Children begin to see themselves in relation to others.Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development3. Game Stage (early school years)Children understand their social position and the positions of those around them.Children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others.Agents of Socialization•Family•Peer Group•School•Mass MediaFunctionalist Perspective: Functions of Schools•Teach students to be productive members of society.•Transmit culture.•Social control and personal development.•Select, train, and place individuals on different rungs in society.Conflict Perspective: Schools •Experiences depend on social class, racial–ethnic background, gender, and other factors. •Children learn to be neat, punctual, quiet, wait their turn, and remain attentive to their work.•Schools socialize children for later roles in the work force.Media As Socializing Agents1. Inform us about events.2. Introduce us to a variety of people.3. Provide an array of viewpoints on current issues.4. Make us aware of products that will supposedly help us.5. Entertain
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