Chapter 6Chapter OutlineSlide 3DevianceWhat Is Social Control?Slide 6Functionalist PerspectiveMerton’s Strain Theory of Deviance TQMerton’s Strain Theory of DevianceTQOpportunity TheoryFunctionalist PerspectivesSlide 12Interactionist PerspectivesSlide 14Conflict PerspectivesDifferential Association Theory PerspectivesDifferential Reinforcement TheorySocial Bond TheoryLabeling TheoryPostmodern PerspectiveStages in the Labeling ProcessHow the Law Classifies CrimeHow Sociologists Classify CrimeFBI Crime ClockArrest Rates by Sex, 2004Arrest Rates by Race, 2004Discretionary Powers in Law EnforcementFunctions of PunishmentSlide 29Global crimeReducing Global CrimeChapter 6Deviance and CrimeChapter Outline•What Is Deviance?•Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance•Conflict Perspectives on Deviance•Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance•Postmodernist Perspectives on DevianceChapter Outline•Crime Classifications and Statistics•The Criminal Justice System•Deviance and Crime in the U.S. in the Future•The Global Criminal EconomyDeviance•Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs: –drinking too much–robbing a bank–laughing at a funeralWhat Is Social Control?•Practices that social groups develop to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.What Is Social Control?•Internal social control takes place when individuals internalize norms and values and follow those norms and values in their lives. •External social control involves negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers.Functionalist PerspectiveDeviance serves three functions:1. Deviance clarifies rules.2. Deviance unites a group.3. Deviance promotes social change.Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance TQMode MethodConformityAccepts approved goals, pursues them through approved means.InnovationAccepts approved goals; uses disapproved means.RitualismAbandons society’s goals; conforms to approved means.Merton’s Strain Theory of DevianceTQMode MethodRetreatismAbandons approved goals and approved means.RebellionChallenges approved goals and approved means.Opportunity Theory•Sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1960) suggested that for deviance to occur, people must have access illegitimate opportunity structures:–Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.Functionalist PerspectivesTheory Key Elements Strain theoryDeviance occurs when approved means of reaching approved goals is blocked. Opportunity theoryLower-class delinquents subscribe to middleclass values they can’t attain. They may achieve goals illegitimately.Functionalist PerspectivesTheory Key ElementsSocial control/social bondingWhen ties to family and friends are weak, individuals are likely to engage in criminal behavior.Interactionist PerspectivesTheory Key elementDifferential associationDeviant behavior is learned in interaction with others.Labeling theoryActs are deviant because they have been labeled as such.Interactionist PerspectivesTheory Key elementPrimary/secondaryA person accepts the “deviant” label and continues to engage in “deviant” behavior.Conflict PerspectivesTheory Key ElementsCritical approachThe powerful use the criminal justice system to protect their interests.Feminist approachLiberal- deviance arises from discrimination. Radical- focuses on patriarchySocialist - focuses on capitalism and patriarchyDifferential Association Theory Perspectives•States that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. •From this approach, criminal behavior is learned within intimate personal groups such as one’s family and peer groupsDifferential ReinforcementTheory•Criminologist Ronald Akers (1998) combined differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory to create differential reinforcement theory. –If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “right,” they are more likely to engage in deviant behavior.–If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “wrong,” the person is less likely to engage in that behavior.Social Bond Theory•The probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken. •According to Hirschi, social bonding consists of –attachment to other people–commitment to conformity–involvement in conventional activities–belief in the legitimacy of conventional norms.Labeling Theory•States that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, accept the label and begin to act accordingly. •Focuses on the variety of symbolic labels that people are given in their interactions with others.•The act of fixing a person with a negative identity, such as “criminal” is directly related to the power of those who do the labeling and those being labeled.Postmodern PerspectiveTheory Key ElementKnowledge is powerPower, knowledge, and social control are intertwined. Example: Methods of prison surveillance make prisoners think they are being watched all the time, giving officials power over the inmates.Stages in the Labeling Process•If individuals accept a negative label, they are more likely to continue to participate in the type of behavior the label was initially meant to control. •Secondary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts the identity and continues the deviant behavior. •Tertiary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.How the Law Classifies Crime•Crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanors.–A felony is a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death.–A misdemeanor is a minor crime typically punished by less than one year in jail.How Sociologists Classify Crime•Sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are committed and how society views the offenses:1. conventional (street) crime2. occupational (white-collar) and corporate crime3. organized crime4. political crimeFBI Crime ClockArrest Rates by Sex,
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