Chapter 2Chapter OutlineQuestions for You…CultureSlide 5Slide 6How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?Slide 8How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?Slide 10Gestures with Different Meanings in Other SocietiesSlide 12Cultural UniversalsComponents of CultureSlide 15Sapir-Whorf HypothesisLanguage and GenderLanguages Spoken in US HouseholdsSlide 19Ten Core American ValuesSlide 21Polling QuestionNormsFormal and Informal NormsFolkwaysMoresLawsTechnology, Cultural Change, and DiversityCultural DiversityCultural Diversity of U.S. Society: ReligionCultural Diversity of U.S. Society: IncomeCultural Diversity of U.S. Society: Race and EthnicityHigh CulturePopular CultureSlide 35The Old Order Amish SubcultureExamples of CounterculturesCulture Shock, Ethnocentrism, and Cultural RelativismSociological Analysis of CultureSlide 40Quick QuizAnswer: CSlide 44Slide 45Slide 46Answer: BSlide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Answer: AChapter 2CultureChapter OutlineCulture and Society in a Changing WorldComponents of CultureTechnology, Cultural Change, and DiversityA Global Popular Culture?Sociological Analysis of CultureCulture in the FutureQuestions for You…Think about your definition of culture…..How would you describe your culture to someone who is not familiar with your culture?What values, traditions, beliefs, holidays, celebrations, and material objects are important in your culture?What have you learned based on your culture?CultureThe knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.CultureCulture is essential for survival and communication with other people.Culture is learned through interaction, observation and imitation.Culture is fundamental for the survival of societies.Culture is the “essence” of human social interaction.CultureMaterial culturePhysical or tangible creations (such as clothing shelter, and art) that members of a society make, use, and share.Nonmaterial cultureAbstract or intangible human creations of society (such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence people’s behavior.True or False?Cheese is a universal food enjoyed by people of all nations and cultures. How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?False.Although cheese is a popular food in many cultures, most of the people living in China find cheese very distasteful and prefer delicacies such as duck feet.How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture? True or False?Giving round-shaped foods to the parents of new babies is considered to be lucky in some cultures.How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?True.Round foods such as pears, grapes, and mooncakes are given to celebrate the birth of babies, because the shape of the food is believed to symbolize family unity.Gestures with Different Meanings in Other Societies“Hook ‘em Horns”or“Your spouse is unfaithful”Gestures with Different Meanings in Other Societies“Okay”Or“I’ll kill you”Cultural UniversalsExamples:Appearance (bodily adornment, hairstyles)Activities (sports, dancing, games, joking)Social institutions (family, law, religion)Practices (cooking, folklore, gift giving)SymbolAnything that meaningfully represents something else.LanguageSymbols that express ideas and enable people to communicate.Components of CultureValuesCollective ideas about what is right or wrong and good or bad.NormsEstablished rules of behavior or standards of conduct.Components of CultureSapir-Whorf HypothesisAccording to this theory, language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.If people are able to think only through language, then language must precede thought.Male Term Female Term Neutral TermTeacher Teacher TeacherWorker/employeeWorking motherWorker/employeeJanitor/maintenance manMaid/cleaning ladyCustodial attendantLanguage and GenderLanguageTotal EstimatedNumber of SpeakersEnglish only 227,365,507Spanish 34,559,894Chinese 2,465,761French 1,332,633German 1,122,014Tagalog 1,488,385Languages Spoken in US HouseholdsLanguageTotal EstimatedNumber of SpeakersVietnamese 1,225,036Italian 782,097Korean 1,051,641Russian 864,069Navajo 170,621Arabic 786,210Languages Spoken in US HouseholdsTen Core American Values1. Individualism2. Achievement and Success3. Activity and Work4. Science and Technology5. Progress and Material ComfortTen Core American Values6. Efficiency and Practicality7. Equality8. Morality and Humanitarianism9. Freedom and Liberty10. Racism and Group SuperiorityPolling QuestionDo you favor or oppose an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would make English the official language of the United States? A. FavorB. OpposeC. No opinionNormsNorms are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.Prescriptive norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable.Proscriptive norms state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable.Formal and Informal NormsFormal norms are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type of formal norms.Informal norms are unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity. When individuals violate informal norms, people may apply informal sanctions.FolkwaysEveryday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.In the United States, folkways include:using deodorantbrushing our teethwearing appropriate clothing for a specific occasionMoresStrongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences. Taboos are mores so strong that violation is considered extremely offensive and even unmentionable. The incest taboo, which prohibits sexual relations between certain kin, is an example of a nearly universal taboo.LawsFormal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.Civil law deals with disputes among persons or groups.Criminal law deals with public safety and well-being.Changes in technology continue to shape the material culture of society.Cultural lag is a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions.Technology, Cultural Change, and DiversityCultural differences between and
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