Chapter 1 1 What is nutrition Why is it important Study Guide for Final Exam Test 4 Nutrition is the science that studies food and how food nourishes the body and influences health The stages are ingestion digestion absorption transport metabolism and excretion Nutrition is important because there is a relationship between nutrition and disease Poor nutrition is associated with deficiency diseases such as scurvy and pellagra plays a role in the development of cancer and osteoporosis is associated with heart disease stroke and type 2 diabetes 2 Explain the different types of nutrients a Organic vs inorganic Organic contain carbon such a carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins Inorganic do not contain carbon such as minerals and water b Macronutrient vs micronutrient Macronutrients provide energy fuel for our bodies o Required in large amounts Micronutrients do not provide energy facilitate the release of energy assist in regulating body processes o Required in smaller amounts c Fat soluble vs water soluble vitamins Fat soluble stored in the human body toxicity can occur from consuming excess amounts which accumulate in the body Water soluble not stored anywhere in the body excess secreted in urine toxicity generally only occurs o Vitamins A D E and K by taking vitamin supplementation o Vitamins C and B vitamins d Energy yielding nutrients kcal g for each Carbohydrates 4 kcal g Alcohol not a nutrient but does provide 7kcal g Fat 9kcal g Protein 4 kcal g 3 DRI s apply to which population of people Explain the components of the DRI EAR RDA AI UL EER AMDR Dietary Reference Intakes DRI s are dietary standards for healthy people only They aim to prevent deficiency disease and reduce chronic diseases Include o Estimated Average Requirement EAR Supports a specific function in the body for half 50 of the healthy population o Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA Use the EAR as a base and include sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy populations 98 o Adequate Intake AI Reflect the average daily amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consumes o Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL o Estimated Energy Requirement EER Highest daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and not be toxic The average daily energy intake to maintain energy balance and good health for population groups Defined by age gender weight height and level of physical activity o Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range AMDR Represents the range of intake for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of chronic disease Chapter 2 1 What are the useful tools for designing a healthful diet Food Labels The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans USDA Food Patterns MyPlate 2 Define nutrient density Nutrient dense most nutrients for the least amount of calories 3 What are the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans o Balance calories to maintain weight o Consume fewer food of concern o Consume more healthful foods and nutrients o Follow healthy eating patterns MyPlate o Make half your grains whole o Vary your veggies o o Get your calcium rich foods o Go lean with protein Focus on fruits 4 What is a chronic disease Chapter 13 1 How to evaluate if a person s body weight is healthful Determining is a person s body weight is healthful o Determining the body mass index BMI BMI weight lbs height inches 2 x703 Normal BMI 18 5 25 kg m2 o Assessing the pattern of fat distribution Apple shaped or pear shaped o Measuring body composition A chronic disease is a disease characterized by a gradual onset and long duration with signs and symptoms that are difficult to interpret and that respond poorly to medical treatment o Examples Cancer and Cardiovascular disease Underwater weighing skin fold measurements bioelectric impedance analysis dual energy x ray absorptiometry DXA Bod Pod 2 What are the components of energy expenditure Basal metabolic rate BMR aka resting 60 75 Thermic effect of food TEF 5 10 Energy cost of physical activity 15 35 Chapter 13 5 1 Know the different eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Self starvation leading to a severe nutrient deficiency extreme drive for thinness 90 95 are young females 5 20 die from complications within 10 years Signs restrictive eating practice fear of gaining weight amenorrhea o o o o Consequences energy and nutrient deficiency electrolyte imbalance cardiovascular problems gastrointestinal problems bone problems possibly even death o Recurrent episodes of extreme overeating and compensatory behaviors purging excessive exercise to Bulimia nervosa prevent weight gain o At least twice a week or 3 months o o Consequences electrolyte imbalance gastrointestinal problems dental problems Signs chronically inflamed and sore throat swollen glands in neck and below the jaw Binge Eating o Extreme overeating without purging o After stressful events more than twice a week common in men o Consequences low self esteem avoidance of social contact depression and negative thoughts Night Eating Syndrome People who were not hungry during the day but eat in the evening and night o o Depressed mood and insomnia o Combination of eating disorder sleep disorder and mood disorder Chapter 4 5 7 alcohol 1 What are the problems associated with alcohol abuse Alcohol Abuse the excessive alcohol consumption whether chronically or occasionally that results in distress danger or harm to one s health functioning or relationships o Include alcohol hangover reduced brain function alcohol poisoning increased risk for chronic disease malnutrition increased risk for traumatic injury fetal and infant health problems o Reduced liver function Fatty liver alcoholic steatosis an early and reversible stage of liver disease Alcoholic hepatitis inflammation of the liver cause by alcohol more severe Cirrhosis of the liver end stage liver disease having significant abnormalities in liver structure and function 2 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do Alcohol oxidation o First pass metabolism small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach before being absorbed into the bloodstream o Alcohol then goes to the liver and is oxidized by liver enzymes constant rate of 1 drink per hour Enzymes Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH converts ethanol to acetaldehyde in the first step Aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate
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