Final Exam Study Guide 11/7/12 4:58 PM What is the molecule produced by the stomach that is vital to B12 absorption? • Intrinsic Factor What transports Iron? • Blood hemoglobin What does the parathyroid gland secrete when blood calcium is low? • Calcitionin What are the symptoms of a Vitamin C deficiency? • Scurvy • Bleeding gums • Hemorrhages • Abnormal bone growth • Joint pain What are the functions of water in the body? • Carries nutrients and waste products • Maintains the structure of large molecules • Participates in metabolic reactions • Solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and others • Lubricant and cushion around joints, inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy • Regulation of body temperature • Maintains blood volume What are the best food sources for Beta-Carotene? • Food that is orange in color ( ex. Sweet potatoes, carrots, pumpkin) What organs are responsible for the hydroxylation reactions that are needed to activate vitamin D? • Liver • Kidneys o Both organs add an OH group to produce the active vitaminWhat is hyponatremia? • A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood What are the different ways to obtain vitamin D? • Sun • Milk/ dairy products • Veal , beaf, liver • Egg yolk • Chocolate mixes • Fatty fish What type of fortification can help prevent genetic defects in fetuses? • Folate and or Vitamin B12 Which vitamin can act to transfer amino acids? • Vitamin B6 What type of diet is recommended to help prevent hypertension? • DASH Diet eating plan What are the functions and different forms of Vitamin A? • Promoting vision • Protein synthesis • Cell differentiation • Reproduction & growth o Beta Cartotene o Retinol What is the most abundant mineral found in the body? • Sodium What are the roles of vitamin D? • Promotes bone formation & maintenance by raising blood calcium & phosphorusWhat happens when blood pressure drops? • ADH retains water • Renin retains sodium • Angiotensin constricts blood vessels • Aldosterone retains sodium o In response to low blood vessels , these actions combine to effectively restore homeostasis What are the deficiencies diseases of vitamins? • Vitamin A infectious disease, night blindness, keratinization • Vitamin D rickets, osteomalacia • Vitamin E erythrocyete hemolysis, nerve damage • Vitamin K hemorrhage • Vitamin C scurvy, bleeding gums, abnormal bone growth • Vitamin B12 anemia, nerve damage, paralysis • Vitamin B6 scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion, convulsions • Biotin Skin rash, hair loss, neurological disturbances • Niacin pellagra ( diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia) • Riboflavin inflammation of the mouth, skin and eyelids • Thiamin Beriberi, anorexia, muscular weakness, enlarge heart What is the difference between vitamins and minerals ? • Vitamins are organic elements, whereas minerals are pure inorganic elements What are the functions of the vitamins? • Thiamin part of coenzyme TPP in energy metabolism • Riboflavin part of coenzymes FAD and FMN in energy metabolism • Niacin part of coenzymes NAD and NADP in energy metabolism • Biotin part of coenzyme in energy metabolism • Pantothenic acid part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism • Vitamin B6 part of coenzymes used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism • Folate activate vitamin B12, helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth• Vitamin B12 activates folate, helps synthesize DNA for new cells growth, and protects nerve cells • Vitamin C synthesis of collagen , carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters, antioxidants • Vitamin A vision , maintenance of the cornea, epithelial cells, skin , bone and tooth growth, reproduction, immunity • Vitamin D mineralization of bones • Vitamin E antioxidant • Vitamin K synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins What are the inactive/ active cofactors of vitamins? • A nonprotein component of enzymes is called the cofactor. If the cofactor is organic, then it is called a coenzyme. Coenzymes are relatively small molecules compared to the protein part of the enzyme. Many of the coenzymes are derived from vitamins. Niacin(NAD+) oxidation or hydrogen transfer Riboflavin(FAD) oxidation or hydrogen transfer pantothenic acid(CoA) Acetyl group carrier vitamin B-12 (coenzyme B-12) Methyl group transfer thiamin (B-1)(TPP) Aldehyde group transfer What are the factors needed for Vitamin B12 absorption, where are they produced, where do they detach from ? • intrinsic factors : a glycoprotein secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin B12, in the small intestine to aid in the absorption of vitamin B12 What is the transport form of iron? • Transferring carries iron in blood What are the fat soluble vitamins? • Vitamin A , D , E , K What are the water soluble vitamins? • Vitamin C • Vitamin B12, B6• Thiamine • Riboflavin • Niacin • Pantothenic acid • Folate o Water soluble vitamins must be replaced daily What hormone is secreted when blood calcium is low? • Parathyroid hormone mobilize calcium from the bone when blood calcium is low. What hormone is secreted when blood calcium is high? • Calcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium absorption What are the different forms of Vitamin D ? Which one is active? • Calciferol • 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) • Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol (animal version) • Vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol (plant, body cholesterol) • Skin precursor: 7-dehydrocholesterol o Vitamin D acts as a hormone What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins Toxicities ? • Vitamin A reduced bone mineral density, liver abnormalities, and birth defects • Vitamin D calcium imbalance, calcification of soft tissues, and formation of stones • Vitamin E hemorrhagic effects • Vitamin K none known What are the water soluble vitamin toxicities? • Thiamin, Riboflavin, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, vitamin B12 no reported toxicities • Niacin -> liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance, niacin flush • Vitamin B6 nerve degeneration, skin lesions • Folate masks vitamin B12 deficiency•
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