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April 3 2015 HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide 1 What sources of energy are utilized during rest and different forms of physical activity high low intensity exercise 1 3 seconds ex sprint start ATP Creatine Phosphate Glucose Aerobic Metabolism Glucose 30 seconds 2 mins ex 1500 m race 3 15 seconds ex 100 m dash 3 minutes 4 hours ex 10 km race Triglycerides low intensity long distance ex day long hike 2 When should we replenish our body with nutrients as a result of marathon exercise Glycogen consumption Protein 2 hours 24 hours esp first 4 6 hours with consistent 3 What is glycogen loading When is it most effective Glycogen loading carbohydrate loading a process that involved altering training and carbohydrate intake so that muscle glycogen storage is maximized Most effective for endurance athletes but it can have adverse effects so it must be done carefully 4 What are the common heat illnesses and how are they manifested Know the most fatal one Heat syncope Heat cramps muscle spasms that occur several hours after dizziness that results in blood pooling in the lower extremities often results from standing too long in hot weather standing rapidly from a lying position or stopping suddenly after physical exertion strenuous exercise most often occur when sweat losses and fluid intakes are high urine volume is low and sodium intake is inadequate sweating weakness nausea dizziness headache and difficulty concentrating Unchecked heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke characterized by failure of the body s heat regulating mechanisms characterized by hot dry skin rapid heart rate vomiting diarrhea elevated body temp hallucinations and coma a heat illness characterized by excessive potentially fatal heat illness most FATAL Heat stroke Heat exhaustion 5 What are micronutrients and micronutrients Remember there are 3 classes of nutrients fluids macronutrients April 3 2015 Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals and are needed in much smaller amounts They assist body functions such as energy metabolism and the formation maintenance of healthy cells and tissues 6 What is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins i e how are they absorbed transported stored excreted and how often do we have to consume them Absorption Transportation Storage Excretion Water Soluble Vitamins C and B Complex Through the intestinal tract into the bloodstream Soluble in water bloodstream where they travel to target cells Except for B12 they are not stored in large amounts Excreted in urine Fat Soluble Vitamins A D E K Absorbed along with dietary fat fat globules Absorbed into lymph and travel with carrier proteins in the body s adipose tissues and liver Not easily excreted easily toxic Less often not always daily How often do we consume them Daily or weekly 7 What are the characteristics of minerals What is the difference between major and trace minerals List the important major and trace minerals Major minerals Mineral Characteristics body requires at least 100 mg day found in the naturally occurring inorganic substances in elemental form solid crystalline substances that do NOT contain carbon heat and natural processes have no effect on minerals body in amounts of 5 g 5 000 mg or higher Important ones Potassium Phosphorous Chloride Calcium Sulfur Sodium Magnesium PPCCSSM body in amounts of less than 5 g 5 000 mg Important ones ZSFICMCI zinc savors flavors in chocolate mixed cute ingredients body requires less than 100mg day found in the Trace minerals April 3 2015 8 What affects micronutrient absorption both increase and decrease absorption Know some examples Depends on chemical form ex 25 of heme iron is absorbed but only 3 5 of non heme iron is absorbed Binding factors within the same food influence absorption Calcium especially affected Non heme iron zinc Vitamin E and Vitamin B6 are micronutrients that are affected by binding factors Other foods in the meal ex fat soluble vitamins are much better absorbed when the meal contains some dietary fat calcium is increased more when in presence of lactose non heme iron is absorbed more in presence of vitamin C rich foods Many vitamins are modified after they are eaten and absorbed ex before they can work in our bodies B vitamins bust combine with other substances Combinations affect vitamins when they are needed 9 What is the main function of B vitamins The B vitamins act as coenzymes In this role they activate enzymes and assist them in the metabolism of carbs fats amino acids and alcohol for energy the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol and gluconeogenesis 10 What are the cofactors associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they involved in Cofactor Coenzyme Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Vitamin B6 Niacin Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Acid Biotin FAD FMN TPP PLP THF B12 CoA Biotin 11 Which vitamins are sensitive to heat light Riboflavin sensitive to light Processes Involved In CHO metabolism branched chain amino acid metabolism CHO fat metabolism Protein metabolism Protein metabolism CHO fat and protein metabolism CHO fat metabolism CHO fat metabolism NAD NADP CHO fat and protein metabolism April 3 2015 12 What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with each B vitamin Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Toxicities None known None known Vitamin B6 Nerve damage skin lesions Beriberi fatigue apathy decreased memory confusion irritability muscle Deficiencies weakness Ariboflavinosis swollen mouth and throat seborrheic dermatitis anemia Anemia seborrheic dermatitis depression confusion convulsions Niacin Flushing liver damage glucose Pellagra vomiting constipation intolerance blurred vision differentiation diarrhea apathy Folate Masks symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency specifically signs of Macrocytic anemia neural tube defects in developing fetus elevated nerve damage homocysteine levels Vitamin B12 None known Pernicious anemia tingling and numbness of extremities nerve damage memory loss disorientation Pantothenic Acid Biotin None known None known dementia Rare Rare 13 Why are choline and iodine important What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms Importance Vitamin like substance Single function in the human body the Choline Iodine synthesis of thyroid hormones that is important for metabolism the structural integrity of cell membranes and neurotransmission usually grouped with B vitamins the liver liver Deficiency Symptoms Fat accumulation in Goiter cretinism mental impairment in babies of deficient mothers hypothyroidism Iodine


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FSU HUN 1201 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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