Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide 1. What is the main link between disease and nutrition in the U.S?~ Disease in which nutrition play some role:- Osteoporosis- Osteoarthritis- Some forms of cancer~ Diseases with a strong nutritional component- Type 2 Diabetes- Heart Disease- High Blood Pressure- Obesity~ Diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies or toxicities- Pellagra- Scurvy- Iron deficiency anemia- Nutrient toxicities2. Give examples of 5 organic micronutrients. Give examples of 5 inorganic micronutrients. The lack of what element makes them inorganic?~ Organic Micronutrients- Vitamins A, D, E, K, and B-vitamins~Inorganic Micronutrients:- Minerals Iron, Zinc, Copper, Fluoride, Calcium~ The lack of Carbon makes them inorganic.3. What are the primary functions of proteins in the body?~ Only macronutrient that contains carbon~ Breaks down proteins into amino acids and reassemble them to build our own body proteins ~ Support the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.4. DRI’s apply to which population of people?~Healthy people only5. What is a chronic disease?~ A disease that lasts for a very long period of time6. Define Nutrient Density.~Foods that give the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of energy 7. Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US?~The US Department of Agriculture and The US Department of Health and Human Services8. What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely, and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?~Avoid Trans Fats and Limit saturated fats9. When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required, which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met? Define Balance, Adequacy, Variety, and Moderation to help you answer this.~Balance: Proper proportions of nutrients~Adequacy: Sufficient energy and nutrients to maintain a person’s health~Variety: Many different foods from the different food groups on a regular basis~Moderation: Not too much and not too little of any of the foods10. Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it?~11. Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.~Physical fitness includes cardiovascular conditioning, stretching exercises for flexibility, and resistance exercise -30 minutes daily minimum of moderate activity most days of the week -60–90 min/day on most days of the week to prevent weight gain or promote weight loss12. Define Hunger and Define Appetite. What is the difference between the two?~ Hunger: A Physiologic sensation that prompts us to eat.~ Appetite: A psychological desire to consume specific foods. 13. What are the functions of mucus in the stomach?~ Protects the lining of the stomach from gastric juices and acid14. What does HCL activate in the stomach?~ Denatures protein strands and activates pepsin15. What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats? What organs make and store this?~ Bile emulsifies fat into small droplets~ Small Intestine16. What compound neutralizes stomach acid? What organ secretes this?~ Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid~ Stomach17. Where does carbohydrate digestion occur, and what enzymes are involved?~ Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine~ Salivary Amylase, Pancreatic Amylase18. Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient? Which cells in the stomach secret this?~ Critical in the absorption of Vitamin B12~ Secreted by the Parietal Cells19. Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices? What is this digestive juice called?~ Gastrin~ 20. List the accessory organs of digestion?~Pancreas~Gallbladder~Liver21. Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation?~Ghrelin22. Define absorption, digestion, elimination, and segmentation.~Absorption: The physiologic process by which molecules of food are taken from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation.~ Digestion: The process by which foods are broken down into their component molecules, either mechanically or chemically.~ Elimination: The process by which undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body. ~ Segmentation: Rhythmic contraction of the circular muscles of the intestines that squeeze chyme, mix it, and enhance digestion and absorption of nutrients from the chyme. 23. What enzyme is secreted in the mouth?~Saliva24. The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called?~ monosaccharides25. The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called?~ Amino Acids26. What type of diet causes ketosis?~ Lack of carbohydrates27. Define hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia~Hyperglycemia: A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal.~ Hypoglycemia: A condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal fasting levels. 28. Define moderate alcohol consumption~ Intake of up to one drink a day for women and two for men~ Benefits: raises HDL (good cholesterol) and lowers blood clot formation.~Concerns: linked to breast cancer, hypertension, and hemorrhagic stroke and may increase total energy intake (making someone fat).29. Define Metabolic Tolerance, Functional Tolerance?~ Metabolic Tolerance: A condition in which the liver becomes more efficientin its breakdown of alcohol.~ Functional Tolerance: they show few if any signs of impairment or intoxication even at high BAC- May need to consume twice as much alcohol as when they first started drinking in order to reach the same state of euphoria. 30. What are the steps in alcohol oxidation? What does ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) do?~Absorbed directly from both the stomach & the small intestine, then transported to the liver to be metabolized, then the excess alcohol is released into the blood.~ ADH is an enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate. 31. Name some foods sources of saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, and trans fats.~ Saturated fats: Animal fats, butter, and lard~ Polysaturated fats: cottonseed, canola, corn, and safflower oils~ Monosaturated fats: olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, and cashew nuts~ Trans Fat: hydrogenated vegetable oils (margarine, baked goods, fried foods)32. Trans fats are not good for health. Why?~ Can raise blood levels of LDL-cholesterol 33. Name to two essential fatty acids (EFAs).~Linoleic acid and Alpha-linolenic acid34. What does CCK (cholecystokinin) do?~The release of CCK allows for the gallbladder to contract35. What does insulin
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