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HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Fall 2013 Chapter 14 What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity high low intensity exercise Why are these sources of energy utilized during certain times and less during other times Adenosine triphosphate ATP the energy carrying molecule in the body ATP must be generated continuously since muscles store only enough ATP for 1 3 seconds of activity ATP is generated from the breakdown of carbohydrate fat and protein After depleting ATP stores muscles turn to other sources Creatine phosphate CP stores some energy that can be used to regenerate ATP CP stores enough energy for 3 15 seconds of maximal physical effort Muscle has 4x as much CP than ATP After creatine phosphate glucose is the next source of energy for ATP production Glucose provides ATP through glycolysis Next fastest mode of production Glucose source during exercise muscle glycogen and blood glucose Glycogen stores are limited Used in exercise lasting 30sec to 3min Primary glycolysis end product pyruvate With limited oxygen pyruvate is converted to lactic acid a by product of intense activity Excess lactic acid goes back to the liver to be converted back into glucose Via what process Cori cycle greater pathway Glucose metabolism Anaerobic breakdown of glucose yields 2 ATP molecules Aerobic breakdown of glucose yields 36 38 molecules of ATP Process much slower but yield is far Fueling the body for 3 min 4 hours Far fewer acids produced vs anaerobic Triglycerides fats can be metabolized to generate ATP For low intensity exercise For exercise of long duration think marathons Abundant energy source even in lean people carbohydrates disadvantage 2x more energy per gram as Slowly metabolized Major Primary energy source during rest sitting and standing in place also endurance events When should we replenish our body with nutrients as a result of exercise What is glycogen loading When is it most effective Consume up to 12g kg bw CHO a day two before event Alter exercise duration and carbohydrate intake to maximize muscle glycogen Does not always improve performance Baseball football weight lifting shorter distance runs Side effects gastrointestinal distress feeling heavy bloated and sluggish What are the common heat illnesses and how are they manifested Know the most fatal one Heat syncope dizziness Heat cramps muscle spasms Heat exhaustion and heatstroke occur on a continuum symptoms include Excessive sweating weakness nausea dizziness headache difficulty concentrating Heatstroke cooling system fails and sweating stops body reaches temperatures 104 F rapid pulse MOST FATAL Chapter 7 5 What are micronutrients Vitamins and minerals that are needed in much Assist body functions Energy metabolism Formation and maintenance of healthy cells and tissues What is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins i e how are they absorbed transported stored excreted and how often do we have to consume them Fat soluble vitamins A D E and K Readily stored in the body s fat absorbed first into lymph then into blood less readily excreted tend to remain in fat storage sites Can be toxic when taken in excess Megadosing 10 X recommended intake D and K can be synthesized From supplements not food WATER SOULBLE Not stored in large amounts need to be consumed on a daily weekly basis transported freely Excretion by kidney detection then out through urine Deficiency symptoms including diseases or syndromes can arise fairly quickly Absorbed into blood stream Vitamin C ascorbic acid B complex vitamins Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 vitamin B6 vitamin B12 folate pantothenic acid B5 biotin What are the characteristics of minerals What is the difference between major and trace minerals List the important major and trace minerals Naturally occurring inorganic non carbon containing substances All minerals are elements Simplest chemical form possible Not digested or broken down prior to absorption Major require at least 100 mg a day Sodium Potassium Phosphorus Chloride Calcium Magnesium Sulfur Store 5 g in body Minor require less than 100 mg per day Selenium Fluoride Iodine Chromium Manganese Iron Zinc Copper Store 5 g in body What affects micronutrient absorption both increase and decrease absorption Know some examples Absoprtion depends on their chemical form Dietary iron heme only in meats fish and poultry Absorb 25 Non heme plant and animal foods iron fortified foods supplements Binding factors within the same food Other foods within the meal High fiber foods whole grains Oxalic acid tea spinach Decrease zinc and iron absorption Chapter 8 What is the main function of B vitamins B complex vitamins are particularly important in assisting energy metabolism Often function as coenzymes What are the coenzymes associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they involved in Coenzyme organic molecule needed for enzyme activity Thiamin riboflavin vitamin B6 niacin pantothenic acid and biotin function primarily in energy metabolism Folate and vitamin B12 function in cell regeneration and red blood cell synthesis Thiamin Conenzyme TPP Metabolism of carbohydrate and branched chain amino acids Necessary for function of CHO AA dehydrogenase reactions e g PDH in glycolysis Assists in production of sy and synthesis of neurotransmitters Good sources pork products sunflower seeds beans whole or enriched grains Deficiency beriberi muscle wasting nerve damage Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome alcohol related need for thiamin increases Riboflavin Involved in oxidation reduction reactions Coenzymes FAD FMN Part of coenzyme glutathione peroxidase antioxidant Good sources milk enriched foods meat Light sensitive use opaque milk cartons Heat stable Ariboflavinosis riboflavin deficiency sore throat swollen mucous membranes 1 3mg day men 1 1mg day women Niacin Two forms nicotinic acid and nicotinomide Required for oxidation reduction reactions of carbohydrates proteins and fats Coenzymes NADH NAD Can be made from amino acid tryptophan Good sources meat fish poultry enriched breads and cereals Pellagra severe niacin deficiency Dementia dermatitis diarrhea 16mg men 14mg women Vitamin B6 Group of three related compounds Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis PLP and transamination Necessary for metabolism of homocysteine Associated with higher CVD risk Good sources meat fish poultry enriched cereals starchy vegetables Toxicity from high dose supplements nerve damage skin


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FSU HUN 1201 - Exam 3

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