AlcoholAlcoholRecommended in moderationNo more than one drink per day for womenNo more than two drinks per day for menA DrinkDrinkThe amount of a beverage hat provides .5 fluid ounce of pure alcohol4-5 oz wine12 oz beer10 oz wine cooler1.5 oz 80-proof whiskey, scotch, gin, or vodkaAlcoholPeople who should avoid drinking alcoholWomen who are or may become pregnant, or who are breastfeedingBreastfeeding women can have a drink occasionallyPeople with a history of alcoholismPeople taking medications that interact with alcoholPeople who are driving, operating machinery, or engaging in other tasks that require attention and coordinationAnyone younger than the legal drinking ageBenefits Of Moderate Alcohol IntakeSocial and health benefitsReduced stress, enhanced confidence, stimulated appetite, improved dietary intakeCVDIncreased HDL, lower LDL, potentially reduced blood clotsResveratrolPhytochemical found in red wines and grapesMay lower risk for certain chronic diseasesDiabetes, heart disease, and liver diseaseNot in large enough concentrations to make a differenceConcerns Of Moderate Alcohol IntakeLinked to increased risk for breast cancer, hypertension, hemorrhagic strokeIncreased Caloric intake and risk for obesityAlcohol provides 7 kcal/gPotential for drug-alcohol interactionsAlcohol MetabolismAbsorbed directly from the stomach and small intestineTransported to the liver to be metabolizedTransported via the portal veinConsuming foods with some fat, protein, and fiber can reduce blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by up to 50%Alcohol MetabolismRate of absorption depends onPresence or absence of food (and type of food) in the stomachGenderMales produce more alcohol dehydrogenase than femalesMost alcohol is oxidized in the liverAlcohol in the liver is converted to fatty acids or is metabolized for energy by ADH then ALDHSome alcohol is metabolized by stomach and liver enzymesAlcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)Alcohol MetabolismFemales don’t oxidize as much alcohol in their stomachs, leaving more there to be absorbed into the bloodstreamA healthy adult metabolizes the equivalent of 1 drink per hourExcess alcohol is released back into the bloodstreamMetabolic toleranceThe liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of alcoholFunctional toleranceIndividuals show few signs of impairment or intoxication, even with high blood alcohol levelsMyths About Alcohol MetabolismPhysical activity, such as walking around, will speed up the breakdown of alcoholMuscles don’t metabolize alcohol; the liver doesDrinking a lot of coffee will keep you from getting drunkCoffee doesn’t cause alcohol to be excreted in the urineUsing a sauna or steam room will force the alcohol out of your bodyVery little alcohol is lost in sweat; the alcohol will remain in your bloodstreamHerbal and nutritional products are available that speed up the breakdown of alcoholThere is no scientific evidence that commercial supplements will increase the rate of alcohol metabolism; they will not lower blood alcohol levelsAlcohol AbuseAlcohol abuseA pattern of alcoholic consumption resulting in distress, danger, or harm to one’s health, functioning, or relationshipsBoth chronic and occasional alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholismBinge drinkingConsuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion (men) or 5 or more (women)Alcohol AbuseAlcoholismA disease characterized by chronic alcohol dependenceSymptomsCravingLoss of controlPhysical dependenceToleranceNarcotic effectAlcohol acts as a sedative and depressantToxicity riskHigh concentrations destroy cellsMortality risks from trauma and accidentsAlcohol HangoverLasts up to 24 hoursSymptomsHeadache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, extreme thirst, light/sound sensitivity, mood disturbancesConsequencesFluid/electrolyte imbalance, stomach and gastric irritation/inflammation metabolic disturbances, biological disturbancesAlcohol AbuseReduced brain functionEven low intakes impair reasoning and judgmentTeens/young adultsChronic, excessive consumption can permanently damage brainstructure and functionAlcohol poisoningSerious metabolic response to very high intakesReduces oxygen level reaching the brainCan result in death from respiratory or cardiac failureEffects Of Blood Alcohol Concentration On Brain Activity.02-.05%Feelings of relaxation, euphoria, relief.06-.1%Impaired judgment, fine motor control, and coordination; loss of normal emotional control’ legally drunk in many states (at the upper end of the range).11-.15%Impaired reflexes and gross motor control’ staggered gait; legally drunk in all states; slurred speech.16-.2%Impaired vision; unpredictable behavior; further loss of muscle control.21-.35%Total loss of coordination; stupor.4 and aboveLoss of consciousness; coma; suppression of respiratory response; deathAlcohol AbuseReduced liver functionFatty liverAlcoholic hepatitisCirrhosis of the liverIncreased risk for chronic diseasesLoss of calcium impacts bone healthPancreatic injury and diabetesCancerMouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, colon, breastFetal Alcohol SyndromeAlcohol harms fetal developmentThe more alcohol a mother consumes, the greater the dangerFASCauses malformations of developing fetus’s face, limbs, heart, and nervous systemChild will suffer from emotional, social, learning, and developmental disabilitiesEffects are permanentMetabolismMetabolismCatabolismReactions that breakdown compounds into small unitsReleases energyAnabolismReactions that build complex molecules from smaller onesUses energyThe Human BodyAn amazingly complex life form of humble beginningsChemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules, such as protein, carbohydrate, lipis,DNA, or RNACell levelMolecules from organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cellsTissue levelSimilar cells and surrounding materials make up tissuesOrgan levelDifferent tissues combine to form organs, such as the stomach and mall intestineOrgan system levelOrgans such as the stomach and intestines make up an organ system, in this case the gastrointestinal system11 organ systems in the bodyOrganism levelOrgan systems make up an organismAtomsThe smallest bits of matter, the building blocks of matterParts of the atomContain three kinds of subatomic particlesProtons, neutrons, electronsProtons and neutrons make up the nucleusElectrons move around the nucleusCharge is the basis of electricityLightning, explosions, TV, the shape o matter, and life itself result fromthe charges on
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