1. Know the names and general functions of the four fat soluble vitamins.A: vision, immune function, development, prevention of diseaseCalciumUNIT FOURChapters 9, 10, 11, 12Vitamins, Minerals and WaterSpotlight: Complementary Medicine (Pages 76 – 107)Overview. We will NOT cover each and every vitamin and mineral in detail. The ap-proach will be to a) present concepts about vitamins and minerals with examples of specifics and b) use a sample of nutrients to allow you to see what information is available and how that information can be used. Follow this guide along with lecture notes rather than the text outline for studying for the exam.General questions that cover all micronutrients:1. What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?- Mineral: Inorganic compound needed for growth and regulation of body processes- Vitamin: Organic compound necessary for reproduction, growth, and maintenance.2. What is the difference between water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins in terms of general mode of absorption (blood or lymph) and amount in reserves or in storage?- Water-soluble: travel directly to bloodstream; excess excreted in urine- Fat-soluble: transported via lymph to bloodstream, eventually to liver & absorbed with fat; 40-90% in storage3. What are the health risks and benefits of obtaining vitamins and minerals from supple-ments, synthetic supplements, and food sources? Define: toxicity, hazard - Toxicity: excessive intake that exceeds body’s storage capacity, having toxic effects- Excessive doses of fat-soluble vitamins pose greater risk of toxicity than water-soluble4. Be able to recognize/name deficiency diseases of historical importance (beriberi, pella-gra, scurvy, rickets, and goiter) and their associated nutrient, and most importantly, rec-ognize that these diseases are no longer prevalent in the U.S. because of the introduction of enriched and fortified foods and processing techniques which make these nutrients readily available.- Beriberi: produced in 1880 - chickens were served only white rice, instead of brown; thiamin- Pellagra: - Scurvy: condition that includes bleeding gums & loss of energy - Natives knew pine needles prevented it - British Navy included lemon juice in sailors diets; Vitamin C- Rickets: Bone disease in children that arises from Vitamin D deficiency- Goiter: chronic enlargement of thyroid gland; iodine5. Define enriched, fortified, supplemented. Know that deficiency diseases are almost al-ways seen in the context of general malnutrition (PEM or Protein Energy Malnutrition) and therefore treatment with a single nutrient is generally insufficient.- Enriched: addition of vitamins & minerals lost during food processing (thiamin, ri-boflavin, niacin, folic acid, iron)6. Identify/list nutrients for which deficiencies are a concern in the U.S. or in the world.a. Who is most at risk for iron, calcium, and protein deficiencies?- b. Identify vitamin/mineral deficits associated with 1) strictly protein/lipid diets with little or no carbohydrates (ketogenic) 2) in pure vegetarian (vegan) diets when no animal products are consumed.7. Identify/list nutrients for which primary deficiencies are never or rarely seen.8. Identify/list examples of secondary deficiencies and/or when secondary deficiencies may occur.9. Under what circumstances would supplements be useful? Useless? (See Highlight 10.) What is the difference in risk of toxicity for water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vita-mins? What risks are associated with excess minerals (in general terms)? Distinguish between “pharmacological effect” and “physiological effect.”10. Assessment of nutrition status. What is the difference between a disease and a symp-tom? Know that for any given symptom there may be several causes. It is impossible to use symptoms to diagnose deficiencies. How can deficiencies be diagnosed? Review assessment discussion in Chapter 1.11. Know DRI standards discussed in class. Review and define the concepts of individual requirement, DRI, RDA and AI and upper level. How are these different than the DV? How do DV differ for micronutrients and macronutrients? Know the units used to mea-sure each vitamin or mineral (e.g. milligram, RAE, microgram).UNIT FOURChapter 9: FatSoluble VitaminsHighlight 11: Antioxidants1. 4444 Know the names and general functions of the four fat soluble vita-mins. - A: vision, immune function, development, prevention of disease- D: regulates blood calcium levels, cell differentiation, growth- E: antioxidant, activity enhanced by other nutrients- K: coagulation, bone formation2. 4444 Vitamin A a. Differentiate between provitamin A sources (e.g. beta carotene) andpreformed vitamin A in terms of: 1) food sources, 2) biological activity, and 3)potential toxicity. Know three major plant sources and three major animal sourcesof vitamin A.- Retinol: alcohol form; convertible with retinal; - Retinal: aldehyde form; convertible with retinol; active form- Retinoic: acid form; not convertible; no role in vision/reproduction- Preformed retinoids: aka retinyl esters (main storage of A); 90% dietaryretinol in form of esters; animal sources; liver, fish oil, milk- Provitamin carotenoids: plant sources; converted to retinol in liver;spinach, cantaloupe, carrotsb. Recognize the functions of vitamin A in: cell differentiation, vision (especiallynight vision), maintenance of epithelial cells (mucus production), and skeletal de-velopment.- Cell differentiation: retinoic acid interacts with receptor sites on DNA tobegin transforming stem cells into differentiated cells- Vision: retinol carried in the blood to retina, where it converts to retinal,then combines with opsin to form pigment rhodopsin (rhodopsin respon-sible for sight in dim light) - when light hits retina, rods undergo bleach-ing (fading color of rods), causing retinal to separate from opsin, chang-ing from bent (cis) to straight (trans); with lack of A, rhodopsin regenera-tion is slow, so eyes cannot adjust to dim light/quick bright light (nightblindness)- Epithelial: retinoic acid-dependent differentiation; some develop intogoblet cells (mucus-secreting), and others become mature (skin)- Skeletal: all three essential for bone healthc. Recognize that the current units used to express vitamin A requirements and rec-ommendations are Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE). Note that the DV isgiven in IU (International Units). - One
View Full Document
Unlocking...