HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Fall 2013Chapter 14:1. What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity (high/low intensity exercise)? i. Lipids are the primary source of energy during rest and low-intensity exercise. Carbs are the primary energy source during high intensity exerciseb) Why are these sources of energy utilized during certain times and less during other times? Consider Aerobic and anaerobic exercise.i. Lipids are more easily digested in the presence of copious amounts of oxygen, where carbs can be burned as well in order to avoid releasing ketones. Lipids are therefore the primary source of energy during low-intensity exercise because you have time to breathe and there is plenty of oxygen.c) When would you be using ATP? Creatine phosphate? Carbohydrates? Fats?i. You use ATP in the first 1-3 seconds of exercise, Creatine phosphate is utilized during the next 3-15 seconds of exercise (sprints). Carbs are next, providing glucose for energy with the end product of ATP. Fats are the very last to be broken down, during long duration or low-intensity exercise and they yield 2x more energy than carbs2. What is glycogen loading? In what kinds of sports is it most effective? a) Glycogen loading is also known as carb loading, it's the total replenishing of the body's glycogen stores. It is most effective in long distance/endurance exercises such as cross country or skiing.3. What are the common heat illnesses and how are they manifested? Know the most fatal one.a) Common Heat illnesses: Heat syncope (dizziness), Heat cramps (muscle spasms) ,Heat exhaustion, heat stroke. Symptoms: excessive sweating, weakness, nausea, dizzy, headache, difficulty concentration. Heat stroke is the most fatalChapter 7.5:4. What are micronutrients? a) Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed in smaller amounts than the macronutrients.They help to release energy from the macronutrients.5. What is the difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins? i. Water soluble: Excess can be excreted. B and C vitamins. Cannot be stored. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the adipose tissue. A, D, E, K. b) How are they absorbed?i. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the bloodstream.. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine with fat globules. c) How are they stored and/or excretedi. Water-soluble vitamins are stored in small amounts and excess is excreted in the urine. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the adipose tissue and excess intake can result in toxic levels. d) How often do we have to consume them?i. We have to consume water-soluble vitamins on a daily/weekly basis.6. What are the characteristics of minerals? What is the difference between major and trace minerals?a) Minerals cannot be broken down any further, they are in their simplest elemental form. They are naturally occurring and inorganic. Major minerals (Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Magnesium, Chloride, and Calcium) are necessary in amounts greater that 100 mg/day, trace minerals are necessary in amounts less then 100 mg/day7. What affects micronutrient absorption (both increase and decrease absorption)? Know some examples.a) Oxalic acid DECREASES the absorption of zinc and iron, otherwise the same binding factors withing foods increase the rate of absorption and whole grains increase absorption.8. Know which form of iron is best absorbed, and how to increase iron absorption by pairing it with foods.a) Heme iron is the best absorbed and that comes from animal products. It's best absorbed when paired with foods that have the same binding factors and whole grain foods.Chapter 8:9. What is the main function of B-vitamins? a) The primary function of B-vitamins is to act as coenzyme and release energy from macronutrients.10. What are the coenzymes associated with each B-vitamin and what processes are they involved in?a) Thiamin: TPP, carbohydrateb) Riboflavin: FAD and FMN, carbohydratec) Niacin: NAD and NADP, protein metabolism and the metabolic pathway between carbs and fat metabolismd) Vitamin B6: PLP, proteine) Folate: THF, proteinf) Pantothenic acid: CoA, carbs and fat metabolismg) Biotin: Biotin, metabolic pathway between carbs and fath) Vitamin B12: B12, protein, carbs, fat metabolism, and the metabolic pathway between protein and carb.11. Which B vitamin is sensitive to light? Which B vitamin can be stored in small amounts?a) Riboflavin is sensitive to light and is therefore stored in opaque containers. B12 can be stored in small amounts12. What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, and folate? Know symptomsa) Deficiencies:i. Niacin: Pellagra (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea) Toxic from supplementsii. Thiamin: Beriberi (muscle wasting, nerve damage) No known toxicity?iii. Riboflavin: Ariboflavinosis (swollen mucous membranes, sore throat) No known toxicity?iv. Folate: neural tube defects. No known toxicity?13. Why are choline and Iodine important? What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms?a) Choline: a vitamin-like substance dealing with metabolism, cell membranes, and neurotransmission. Deficiency: fat accumulation in the liver. Toxicity: excess supplementation resulting in fihy body odor, vomiting, and diarrheab) Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones that regulate body temperature and metabolism. Deficiencies or toxicities result in goiters (enlarged thyroid gland). Cretinism (deficiency) results in mental retardation and stunted growth14. What effect does too much or too little thyroid hormone have? What does thyroid hormone regulate in the body?a) Know diseases associated with thyroid hormonei. The thyroid hormone regulates body temperature and metabolism. ii. Hypothyroidism (under active thyroid) results in decreased body temp, weight gain, sluggishness, fatigue.iii. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) results in Grave's Disease. Weight loss, increased heat, muscle tremors, protrusion of eyes.15. Which mineral is necessary for insulin to function properly at the cellular membrane level?a) Chromium is necessary for insulin to function properly.16. What do the amino acids methionine and cysteine have what in common?a) Methionine and cysteine both contain sulfur.17. Superoxide dismutase is a very important antioxidant enzyme system. What mineral is critical for it to function properly? a) Manganese is critical for superoxide dismutase Chapter 9:18. What is body fluid and why is it
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