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Chapter 3 Study Guide:1. What is the difference between hunger and appetite? Hunger: physiologic drive for food that occurs when the body senses we need to eatAppetite: psychological desire to consume specific foods 2. What are the roles of each of the following in digestion?a. Hypothalamus: region of brain tissue that prompts us to seek foodb. Sphincters: muscles that control the passage of food material from one GIT organ to the nextc. Chewing: moistens food and mechanically breaks it down into pieces small enough to swallowd. Taste and Olfactory Receptors: five different tastes (bitter, sweet, sour, salty, umami/savory); olfaction=sense of smelle. Epiglottis: covers opening to trachea during swallowingf. Bicarbonate: neutralizes stomach acid3. What is the order of organs in the digestive tract?Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum4. Define the following and know where they occur:a. Peristalsis: waves of squeezing and pushing contractions that move food, chyme, and feces in one direction through the length of the GI tract (ex: esophagus to stomach)b. Segmentation: rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wallc. Haustration: formation of haustra, segmentations in the colon that contract sluggishly to move contents5. What are the components of gastric juice? What role does each play?Hydrochloric acid: denatures proteins and activates pepsinPepsin: enzyme that digests proteinGastric lipase: enzyme that digests fatIntrinsic factor: protein that absorbs vitamin B-12 6. What are the functions of chyme, mucus, and bicarbonate in the stomach?~Chyme: liquid mass consisting of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices; easier for enzymes to access than solid forms of food~Mucus: layer that protects the stomach lining from the acid in gastric juices~Bicarbonate: neutralizes stomach acids7. What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?Duodenum, jejunum, ileum8. What are the major functions of the large intestine?Absorbs water, short-chain fatty acids, and electrolytes; creates feces9. Review the digestive enzymes and hormones of the GIT and their function.~Mouth: salivary amylase digests carbs~Stomach: pepsin, digests proteins; gastric lipase, digests lipids~Small intestine (enzymes created in pancreas): proteases, digest proteins; elastase, digestsfibrous proteins; pancreatic lipase, digests lipids; cholesterol esterase, dig. chol.; pancreatic amylase, dig. carbs~Small intestine (created in small int.): lipase, dig. lipids; sucrose, dig. sucrose; maltase, dig. maltose; lactase, dig. lactose10. What are accessory organs? List 3 accessory organs and their role in digestion.~Gallbladder: stores bile~Pancreas: manufactures, holds, and secretes digestive enzymes~Liver: synthesizes chemicals for metabolism, receives products of digestion via portal vein, releases glucose from glycogen stores, stores vitamins, manufactures blood proteins, filters blood/removes wastes and toxins11. Describe the absorptive surface of the GIT.Heavily folded lining (mucosal membrane) of small intestine, increases surface area allowing it to absorb more nutrients, finger-like projections called villi, absorptive cells in villi called enterocytes, capillaries and a lacteal (small lymph vessel) are inside each villusChapter 4 Study Guide:1. What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates? Know examples and sources of each.a. Monosaccharides (one sugar molecules) vs. disaccharides (two sugar molecules)~Types of simple carbs (sugar)~Example mono: fructose, galactose, ribose~Example di: maltose(glucose+glucose), sucrose(glucose+fructose), lactose(galactose+glucose)b. Oligosaccharides (3-10 mono) vs. polysaccharides (long chains of glucose)~Types of complex carbs (consist of long chains of glucose molecules)~Examples of oligo: raffinose and stachyose ~Examples of poly: startch, glycogen, most fibers2. What is the difference between starch and glycogen?~Startch: polysaccharide form of glucose stored in plants ~Glycogen: stored form of glucose in animals3. What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fibers?Soluble fibers dissolve in water, are viscous, and are fermentable; insoluble fibers are the opposite4. Where does carbohydrate digestion occur? Which enzymes breakdown carbohydrates, and where in the GIT?~Small intestine~Pancreatic amylase digests remaining startch into maltose; maltase, sucrase, and lactase break down corresponding disaccharides into their two mono. components~Monosaccharides then absorbed into mucosal cells in small intestines, where they pass through and enter bloodstream~Once in the bloodstream, they travel to the liver where theyh are converted to glucose~If the glucose is not immediately needed by the body, it will be stored as glycogen in liver and muscles5. Which hormones are involved in blood glucose regulation and how do they affect blood glucose? (all increase blood glucose, except insulin)~Insulin: stimulates liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen~Glucagon: stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose, stimulates gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from amino acids)~Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: secreted by adrenal glands and nerve endings when blood glucose is low, increase glycogen breakdown in liver, “fight-or-flight”~Cortisol: secreted by adrenal glands to act on liver, muscle, and adipose tissue; increases gluconeogenesis, decreases muscle glucose use~Growth hormone: secreted by adrenal glands to act on liver, muscle, and adipose tissue; decreases muscle glucose uptake, increases fatty acid mobilization and liver glucose output 6. Explain ketosis and gluconeogenesis.~Ketosis: process by which the breakdown of fat during fasting states results in the production of ketones~Gluconeogenesis: the generation of glucose from the breakdown of proteins into amino acids7. What are some health benefits of fiber? ~helps prevent hemorrhoids, constipation, other intestinal problems~may reduce risk of: colon cancer, diverticulosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes~may enhance weight loss8. What are the dietary recommendations for carbohydrates and fiber?~Carbs--RDA: 130 grams/day, AMDR: 45-65% of daily calories~Fiber—AI: 25g/day women, 38g/day men, 14g/1000 kcal; adequate fluid intake is recommended9. Explain type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments.~Type 1: body does not produce enough insulin, causes hyperglycemia, insulin injections~Type 2: insulin


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FSU HUN 1201 - Chapter 3 Study Guide

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