Nutrient NameFunction Sources Deficiencies ToxicitiesThiamin (B1)Metabolism of carb and AA’s; necessaryfor CHO & AA functionPork, sunflower seeds, whole or enriched grains, beansBeriberi: muscle wasting and nerve damageN/ARiboflavin (B2) Involved in redox rxns of FAD & FMNMilk, enriched foods, meatAriboflavinosis: sore throat, swollen mucous membranesN/ANiacin (B3) Needed for redox rxns for carbs, proteins, fats (NADH, NAD)Meat, fish, poultry, enriched breads and cerealsPellagra: dementia, dermatitis, diarrheaSymptoms from supplementsPyridoxine (B6) Coenzyme in AA metabolism and gluconeogenesis; necessary for homocysteine metabolismMeat, fish, poultry, enriched cereals, starchy vegetablesAnemia, nerve tissue damage, skin damageNerve damage and skin lesionsFolate Works w/ enzymes for DNA synthesis, cell differentiation; embryo developmentGreen leafy veggies, bread and grain, liver, lentils, asparagus, oatmealNeural tube defects in infants, anemia, heart diseaseN/AB12 Works w/ coenzymes for DNAsynthesisAnimal and non-plant products: meat, eggs, dairy, seafoodRare, but associated with anemiaN/APantothenic AcidEssential for fatty acid metabolism, necessary for AcetylCoA formationChicken, beef, egg yolk, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato productsRare N/ABiotin Required as cofactor for carboxylases; carb, fat, protein metabVery few foods Seen in large consumption of raw egg whites over time;absorption blockedN/ACholine Metab, cell membrane, neurotransmission, lecithin and acetylcholineLecithin, milk, peanutsFat accumulation in the liverExcess supplementation;fishy body odor, vomiting, diarrheaIodine Thyroid hormones (regulate body temp and metab)Saltwater fish, iodized saltInterferes with thyroid function goiter; Cretinism (mental retardation, Interferes with thyroid function goiterstunted growth), Hypothyroidism (weight gain/loss)Chromium Helps insulin in glucose uptake; RNA and DNA metab, immune function/growthMany foods—beerInhibit uptake to cells, making blood glucose and insulin levels riseNone knownManganese Cofactor in fat, protein, carb metab; gluconeogenesis; part of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutaseWhole-grain foodsN/A Impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremorsSulfur Component of biotin and thiamin, essential for macronutrient metab; maintains pH balance; part of methionine and cysteineDietary proteins N/A N/ANUTRIENTS INVOVLED IN
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