Study Guide for Final Exam Test 4 The scientific study of food and how it nourishes the body and influences Chapter 1 1 What is nutrition health 2 Explain the different types of nutrients a organic vs inorganic b fat soluble vs water soluble vitamins Vitamins A D E and K Fat Soluble Water Soluble Vitamin C and B c Major vs Trace Minerals Organic Inorganic contains the element Carbon Lipids Proteins and Vitamins does not contain carbon Minerals and water Needed in amounts greater than 100 mg day Amount Needed in amounts less than 100 mg day Amount present Major Minerals present in the human body is greater than 5 g in the human body is less than 5 g Trace Minerals d energy yielding nutrients kcal g for each Nutrient Definition Chemical Composition kCal content Macro or Micro Nutrient Macro Carbohydrat e Primary fuel source for body esp for neurological functioning and physical exercise Main energy source during rest or low moderate exercise Insoluble in water Stored as adipose tissue body fat Not typically a primary energy source important in building new cells tissue Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Assist in regular body processes Carbon Inorganic and required for normal body processes Inorganic supports all body Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Oxygen n a Hydrogen Lipids Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water 4 kcal g 9 kcal g 4 kcal g n a n a n a Macro Macro Micro Micro Micro processes Oxygen ALCOHOL IS NOT CONSIDERED A NUTRIENT BUT HAS 7KCAL G 3 DRI s apply to which population of people Explain the components of the DRI EAR RDA AI UL EER AMDR DRI s only apply to the healthy population DRI Dietary Reference Intakes is the dietary standard for healthy people only Aims to prevent deficiency diseases and reduce chronic diseases EAR Estimated Average Requirement The average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half 50 of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group RDA The average daily dietary nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all 97 to 98 percent of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group AI Adequate Intake Reflects the average daily amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consumes UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level The highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population EER Estimated Energy Requirement The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age gender weight height and level of physical activity consistent with good health BASED ON YOU SPECIFICALLY AMDR Acceptable Micronutrient Distribution Range Represents the range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and also reduces risk of chronic disease SET IN STONE RANGE Chapter 2 1 What are the useful tools for designing a healthful diet MyPlate Food Labels and the 2010 dietary guidelines for Americans 2 Define nutrient density Nutrient dense foods supply the most nutrients for the least amount of calories 3 What are the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate 1 Balance calories to maintain weight 2 Consume fewer foods of concern 3 Consume more healthful foods and nutrients 4 Follow a healthy eating pattern 4 What is a chronic disease A long lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured Chapter 13 1 How to evaluate if a person s body weight is healthful Bioelectrical Impendence Analysis BIA Underwater Weighing Skinfold Measurements Considered the most accurate method Considered one of the easiest pinches a person s fold of skin at various locations Measured using a specially designed caliper Sends a very low level of electrical current through a person s body Lean body mass is mostly made up of water which is a good conductor of electricity Very expensive Uses low level X Rays to differentiate among bone tissue soft and tissue and fat tissue Measures how much air is displaced after person steps into Bod Pod Machine that uses air displacement to measure body composition Considered one of the easiest Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry DXA Bod Pod 2 What are the components of energy expenditure Basal Metabolic Rate Energy expended to maintain resting functions of the body Respiration circulation maintaining body temp new cell synthesis etc and muscular work Thermic Effect of Food Energy Cost of Physical Activity Energy expended on body movement Energy expended to process food Chapter 13 5 1 Know the different eating disorders Night Eating Syndrome Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain eat in the evening and at night availability Binge Eating Female Athlete Triad After stressful events self starvation leading to a severe nutrient deficiency recurrent episodes of extreme overeating and people who were not hungry during the day but Menstrual dysfunction low bone density low energy Chapter 4 5 7 alcohol 1 What are the problems associated with alcohol abuse Craving of alcohol loss of control physical dependence and tolerance 2 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do A small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach before being absorbed into the bloodstream ADH is the antidiuretic hormone which reduces alcohol absorption Genetic and gender differences in amount of ADH activity ADH is present in both the stomach and the liver 3 Define moderate alcohol consumption Drinking alcohol at a pace and not binging 1 drink per day for females 2 drinks per day for males Raises HDL good cholesterol Lowers LDL bad cholesterol 4 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance Metabolic Tolerance The liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of Chronic Drinkers experience alcohol BAC blood alcohol concentration rises more slowly after drinking Individuals show few signs of impairment intoxication even at high BAC Functional Tolerance Chapter 3 1 Define hunger Define appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger different nonspecific foods the physiological drive for food can be satisfied by a variety of psychological desire to consume specific foods Appetite The Hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger or satiation Located in an area of the brain that regulates involuntary activities 2 How do hormones regulate appetite Hormones are chemical messengers secreted into the
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