Final Exam 1 What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US a The main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US is the link between diet and illness The missing components in your diet your essential vitamins and minerals can lead to deficiency illnesses This was discovered in the mid 1700s and by the mid 1800s carbs lipids and proteins were seen as essential to the human diet for energy 2 Give examples of 5 organic micronutrients Give examples of 5 inorganic micronutrients The lack of what element makes them inorganic a organic molecules carbs lipids proteins vitamins fat soluble vitamins A D E K i ii water soluble vitamins C B vitamins b inorganic molecules water and minerals lack carbon i major calcium phosphorus sodium potassium etc ii trace Iron zinc copper manganese fluoride etc Lack of Carbon makes them inorganic 3 What are the primary functions of proteins in the body c a Proteins contain carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen With these 4 elements we are able to make amino acids We break down the dietary protein proteins into amino acids and use them as body proteins proteins in muscle and blood they build new cells and tissues repair them and maintain them b 4 DRI s apply to which population of people healthy people ONLY don t apply to those with diseases or suffering from nutrient deficiencies 5 What is a chronic disease 6 Define Nutrient Density diseases that come on slowly and can persist for years often despite treatment include heart disease obesity type 2 diabetes and various cancers 7 Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US the Federal Department of Agriculture FDA regulates nutrient claims and health claims nutrient dense foods are foods that give the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of energy or calories nutrient claim ex low in sodium must have 140mg or less of sodium i ii health claim report card grades the level of confidence in a health claim based on current scientific evidence for Americans 8 What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines a b c fat is an energy dense nutrient so diets high in fat can lead to overweight and obesity avoid minimize saturated fats trans fats and cholesterol linked to heart disease total fat intake should be 20 30 saturated fat less than 10 cholesterol less than 300 mg day trans fat low as possible i ii iii iv obtain fats from fish nuts and veggie oil 9 When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met Define Balance Adequacy Variety Moderation to help you answer this a Energy intake would not be met because you re not getting all of the nutrients that your body would require for the day Especially if you re physically active The energy intake and expended needs to be at a balance as to prevent weight gain but to promote weight loss the balance of the two should be heavier on the expended side and lighter on the intake side You should eat a variety of the required recommended nutrients as well as in moderation 10 Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it sodium 11 Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans one of the key recommendations in a healthful diet promotes health psychological well being and a healthful body weight include cardio stretching and resistance or calisthenics for muscle strength and endurance a b a b a a b a a b c Final Exam Study Guide d at least 30 minutes most days of the week a minimum guideline i engage in physical activity that is more vigorous in intensity or longer duration 12 Define Hunger Define Appetite What is the difference between the two a b c hunger a physiologic drive for food that occurs when the body senses that we need to eat nonspecific appetite people commonly experience appetite in the absence of hunger a psychological desire to consume specific foods Aroused when environmental cues stimulate our senses 13 What are the functions of mucus in the stomach keeps the stomach from eroding from the gastric juices a b mucus neck cells in the gastric glands and mucus surface cells in the stomach lining secrete a protective layer of mucus a disruption in this mucus can cause an ulcer or gastritis 14 What does HCL activate in the stomach it s secreted by the parietal cells and it keeps the stomach interior very acidic it kills bacteria and or germs that may have entered the body it begins the denaturation of proteins uncoils the bonds that maintain the foods structure i digestion it also converts pepsinogen into pepsin 15 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this gastric lipase it s secreted by the chief cells in the gastric gland in the stomach 16 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this a The pancreas secretes bicarbonate which neutralizes chyme sent from the stomach which is very acidic and ensures that the duodenum is not eroded 17 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved a Carb digestion along with lipids and proteins occurs in the small intestine through the actions of enzymes and organs gallbladder pancreas and liver the enzymes involved are lipase sucrase maltase and lactase in the pancreas the carbs are broken down and digested by the pancreatic amylase enzyme 18 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secret this secreted by the parietal cells a protein critical to the absorption of vitamin B12 19 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive juice called gastrin stimulates gastric glands to secrete a digestive fluid called gastric juice gastric juice is an acidic liquid in the stomach that contains HCl pepsin and other compounds 20 List the accessory organs of digestion gallbladder i In the presence of lipids and proteins CCK released in the small intestine tells the gallbladder to contract The contraction sends the bile stored in the GB produced in the liver through the common bile duct and into the duodenum It then reduces the lipids so they are more easily digestible b pancreas i manufactures glucagon and insulin hormones that are important in metabolism and regulate the amount of glucose in the blood it stores digestive enzymes in their inactive forms activated in small intestine it secretes ii iii c a b c d a b b c a b a b a 1 2 3 4 pancreatic amylase
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