Study Guide for Final Exam (Test 4)Chapter 11. What is nutrition? Why is it important?- Nutrition is the science and study of food and how it nourishes our bodies and influences our health. o It identifies the processes by which we consume, digest, metabolize, and store nutrients in food, and how these nutrients affect our bodieso It also involves studying the factors that influence our eating patterns, making recommendations about the amount we should eat of each type of food, maintaining food safety, and addressing issues related to global food supply- It is important because there is direct link between diet and illness2. Explain the different types of nutrients- organic vs. inorganico Organic Vitamins Nutrients containing carbono Inorganic Minerals Nutrients that do not contain carbon- macronutrient vs. micronutriento Macronutrient Macro means large Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids o Micronutrient Nutrients that are needed in very small amounts and do not directly supply energy- Vitamins and minerals- fat soluble vs. water soluble vitaminso fat soluble vitamins are not soluble in water, only in fat- KADEo Water soluble vitamns Soluble in water- C and B vitamins- energy yielding nutrients ‒ kcal/g for each.o Proteins 4 kcal/go Carbs 4 kcal/go Lipids 9 kcal/go Alcohol is not considered a nutrient3. DRI’s apply to which population of people? Explain the components of the DRI (EAR, RDA, AI, UL, EER, AMDR).- DRI’s (dietary reference intakes) apply to healthy people onlyo EAR Estimated Average Requirement- Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender groupo RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance- RDA represents average daily nutrient intake level that meets nutrient requirement of 97-98% of healthy people in an individual life stage and gender groupo AI Adequate intake- Recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of a nutrient by a group of healthy peopleo UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level- The highest average daily nutrient intake likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to people in a particular life stage or gendero EER Estimated Energy Requirement- Average dietary intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adulto Based off of age, gender, weight, height and activity levelo AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges- Ranges of intakes for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients- Expressed as total energy or % of total kcalChapter 21. What are the useful tools for designing a healthful diet?- Food labels- Dietary guidelines for Americanso Written by the US department of health and human services Updated every 5 years- USDA food guideo MyPryamid2. Define nutrient density.- Foods that supply the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of calories3. What are the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate?- Eat in moderation- Eat a variety of foods- Consume the right proportion of each recommended food group- Personalize their eating plan- Increase physical activity- Set goals to improve diet and lifestyle4. What is a chronic disease?- Diseases that gradually increase in severity from excess or lack of proper nutrientso i.e.- heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and some types of cancerChapter 131. How to evaluate if a person’s body weight is healthful?- BMI- body mass indexo Body weight x (height^2)- Body composition testo Skin fold, measurements, etc. 2. What are the components of energy expenditure?- Energy expenditure is the energy the body uses to maintain critical function- Three componentso Basal metabolic rate (BMR) – energy needed to maintain body function 60-75%o Thermic effect of food (TEF)- energy used to digest food 5-10%o Energy cost of physical activity- …physical activy 15-35%Chapter 13.51. Know the different eating disorders.- Anorexia nervosao Self starvationo **characterized by OCD behaviors and perfectionism**o 90-95% are young women and 5-10% of these people will die from this disease within 10 years of initial diagnosiso Amenorrhea- no menstrual periods for at least 3 months- Bulimia nervosao Binging and then purgingo **people are usually impulsive, have low self-esteem, and demonstrate extroverted and erratic personality that seeks attention and admiration**o Prevalent in athletes who need to maintain a low weight (jockeys, crew, gymnasts)- Night-eating syndromeo Eats between 8 PM and 6 AMo Considered a unique combination of an *eating disorder, a sleep disorder, and a mood disorder*- Female athlete triado Term used to describe a syndrome that consists of three clinical conditions in physically active females Low energy availability Amenorrhea Osteoporosiso Sports that emphasize leanness or a thin body tend to promote thisChapter 4.5, 7‒alcohol1. What are the problems associated with alcohol abuse?- Can increase blood pressure- Higher rate of bleeding in brain- Weight gain- Tough on livero Fatty livero Alcoholic hepatitiso Cirrhosis of the liver (irreversible)- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)o Characterized by malformations of face, limbs, heart and nervous system2. What are the steps in alcohol oxidation? What does ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) do?- Oxidation begins in the stomach before it as absorbed into the blood streamo This is called first pass metabolism and occurs via the ADH pathway- Liver is main site of oxidationo ADH pathway dominates low to moderate intakes of alcohol- ADH triggers the first alcohol degradation3. Define moderate alcohol consumption- 1 drink per day for women and 2 for men4. Define Metabolic Tolerance, Functional Tolerance- Metabolic Toleranceo When ADH pathways become less efficient and MEOS pathway becomes more active due to excessive drinking This causes liver to process alcohol more efficiently and blood alcohol levels rise more slowly- Functional toleranceo Caused by body’s decreased response to alcoholo Means that person shows few to no signs of being drunk even when blood alcohol levels are highChapter 31. Define hunger. Define appetite. What is the difference between the two?- Hungero The physiologic drive for food that occurs when the body senses that we need to eat Non-specific- Appetiteo The psychological
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