Exam 2 Study Guide 1 Define hunger and appetite Which organ triggers feelings of hunger and satiation Hunger physiological drive for any food Appetite physiological desire to consume specific foods environmental cues Hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger satiation 2 What effect do different macronutrients have on hunger What type of food has the high est satiation value Proteins have the highest satiety value pancreatic hormones insulin glucagon maintain blood glucose Rise in blood glucose satiety 3 Define the processes of digestion absorption and elimination Digestion large molecules broken down to smaller molecules MECHANICALLY CHEMI CALLY Absorption takes products through intestinal wall most occurring in small intestine Elimination undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body 4 Know the difference between peristalsis and segmentation Peristalsis all muscular contractions that move food through GI tract Pushes contents from one area to the next Segmentation contraction of circular muscles in intestinal wall mixes w chyme enhances contact w digestive enzymes and enterocytes 5 Know the role of gastrin Gastrin hormone secreted by stomach lining cells that stimulates gastric glands to produce gas tric juice 6 Know the two different types of cells in gastric glands What is gastric juice and what is the role of each component of the gastric juice Gastric Glands parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase Gastric Juice contains hydrochloric acid HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin Pepsin enzyme to digest protein Gastric lipase enzyme to digest fat Intrinsic Factor protein to absorb vitamin B12 7 Know the role of bicarbonate in stomach and small intestine Bicarbonate secreted to neutralize chyme 8 Know the enzymes produced in gastrointestinal tract mouth stomach and pancreas that facilitate the digestion of carbohydrates fats and lipids Mouth salivary amylase digests carbs Stomach pepsin digests proteins gastric lipase digests lipids Pancreas protease trypsin chymotrypsin carboxy digests proteins elastase digests fibrous proteins pancreatic lipase digests fats cholesterol esterase digests cholesterol pancreatic amy lase digests carbohydrates 9 List the key hormones involved in digestion and their actions Gastrin stomach stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsinogen gastric motility promotes pro liferation of gastric mucosal cells Secretin duodenum Pancreas stimulates secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate stomach de creases gastric motility CCK duodenum jejunum Pancreas stimulates secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes gallbladder stimulates contraction stomach decreases gastric motility GIP small intestine Stomach inhibits gastric acid secretion slows gastric emptying Pancreas stimulates insulin release 10 List the accessory organs that facilitate digestion and their roles Gallbladder Pancreas Liver Gallbladder stores bile greenish fluid produced by liver CCK signals gb to release bile emulsi fies lipids Pancreas manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes stores enzymes in inactive form Insulin glucagon hormones are produced to regulate blood glucose Bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize chyme Liver synthesizes chemicals for metabolism bile for fats receives products of digestion via portal vein releases glucose stores vitamins manufactures blood proteins filters blood 11 Define food intolerance and food allergy Food intolerance body doesn t produce enough lactase Allergy allergic reaction body using antibodies to fight can suffer gastrointestinal problems 12 List the most common types of monosaccharides and disaccharides Monosaccharides glucose galactose Disaccharides lactose maltose sucrose fructose 13 What are the characteristics of glucose fructose and galactose They are all in smallest form Glucose most abundant sugar in our diet good energy source Fructose sweetest natural sugar fruit high fructose corn syrup Galactose milk does not occur alone in foods binds with glucose to form lactose 14 What are the monosaccharides that synthesize lactose maltose and sucrose Galactose Glucose Lactose Glucose Glucose Maltose Glucose Fructose Sucrose 15 What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and where in the body is it stored Glycogen storage form of carbs STORED IN LIVER MUSCLES 16 Define lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance inability to digest lactose 17 Know what stages of carbohydrate digestion occur in the mouth pancreas and liver The majority of digestion of carbohydrates takes place in the small intestines Liver responsible for changing glycogen to glucose to increase blood glucose or converting glu cose to glycogen thereby decreasing blood glucose 18 List all the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels Insulin secreted by beta cells pancreas stimulate carrier proteins stimulate liver to convert glucose to glycogen Glucagon secreted by alpha cells pancreas stimulate liver to convert glucose to glycogen stimulates gluconeogenesis production of glucose from amino acids Epinephrine Norepinephrine secreted by adrenal glands nerve endings when blood glu cose is low increase glycogen breakdown in liver release glucose into blood responsible for fight or flight Cortisol Growth Hormone secreted by adrenal glands to act on liver muscle and adipose tissue Cortisol INCREASES gluconeogenesis DECREASES muscle glucose use Growth Hormone DECREASES muscle glucose uptake INCREASES fatty acid mobilization INCREASES liver glucose output 19 Define glycemic index and glycemic load Glycemic Index a food s potential to raise blood glucose Glycemic Load determines effect of a food on a person s glucose response 20 List the role of glucose as an energy source Carbs Energy rbc use only glucose for energy both carbs fats supply energy for daily activi ties glucose important for energy during exercise 21 Define ketosis ketoacidosis and gluconeogenesis Ketosis insufficient energy from carbs glucose Ketoacidosis excess ketones that increase blood acidity Gluconeogenesis deficient in carbs body will make its own glucose from protein 22 Know type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence causes and treatment Type 1 accounts for 10 of all cases body does not produce enough insulin causes hyper glycemia high blood glucose may be autoimmune disease Type 2 insulin insensitivity resistance becomes less responsive to insulin Caused by genetics obesity physical inactivity 23 After absorption what are the possible
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