HUN 1201 Study Guide Exam 3Name: Danielle BattleHUN 1201 Study Guide Exam 3Chapter 14:1. What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity (high/low intensity exercise)? - Fats are the primary energy source during rest, sitting, standing in place, and endurance exercise (marathons). Carbohydrates are used for mostly high intensity exercise, and fats are used for low-intensity exercise (long-duration exercise). 2. When should we replenish our body with nutrients as a result of exercise- We should replenish our bodies with nutrients immediately following exercise. 3. What is glycogen loading? When is it most effective? - Glycogen loading is known as carbohydrate loading, and it involves altering both exercise duration and carbohydrate intake in an individual to maximize the amount of muscle glycogen.Chapter 7.5:4. Define micronutrients? - Micronutrients are nutrients consisting of vitamins and minerals that are needed in relatively small amounts to support normal health and body functions.5. What is the difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins? (ie, how are they absorbed, transported, stored, excreted, and how often do we have to consume them?) List all vitamins (water-soluble and fat-soluble)- Fat soluble vitamins: are found in fatty portions of food; absorbed with dietary fats, readily stored in body’s adipose tissue-so we don’t need to consume every day. Vitamins: A, D, E, and K are all fat soluble.- Water soluble vitamins: are found in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, meats, and dairy products. They are easily absorbed through the intestinal tract directly into the bloodstream- excreted in urine (when kidneys filter excess amounts) they are not stored inlarge amounts in the body and can be consumed on a daily or weekly basis. Vitamins include Thiamin(b1), riboflavin(b2), niacin, pyridoxine(b6), folate(folic acid), cobalamin(b12), pantothenic acid, biotin, and ascorbic acid(c). 6. What are the characteristics of minerals? What is the difference between major and trace minerals? List the important major and trace minerals. - Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances- calcium, iron, zince, they are solid, crystalline substances not containing carbon. - Major: require at least 100 mg per day; include sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. - Trace: require less than 100 mg per day; include selenium, fluoride, iodine, chromium, manganese, iron, zinc, and copper.7. What affects micronutrient absorption (both increase and decrease absorption)? Know some examples. - The absorption of micronutrients depends on their chemical form ex: dietary iron- form of heme iron(fish, meats, poultry) or non-heme iron(plant and animal foods, iron –fortified foods and supplements). Chapter 8:8. What is the main function of B-vitamins? - B complex vitamins are particularly important in assisting in energy metabolism.9. What are the cofactors associated with each B-vitamin and what processes are they involved in?- Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin b6, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin function primarily in energy metabolism. Folate and vitamin b12 function in cell regeneration and red blood cell synthesis.10.Which B vitamin is sensitive to light?- Riboflavin, (vitamin b2) is light sensitive.11.Which B vitamin is a coenzyme in amino acid synthesis? - Vitamin b6 (pyridoxine) is a coenzyme in amino acid synthesis.12.What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with each B vitamin? - Thiamin(b1):deficiency: muscle wasting and nerve damage- Riboflavin(b2): deficiency: sore throat, swollen mucus membranes(ariboflavinosis) - Niacin(b3): deficiency: pellagra-severe niacin deficiency. Dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia are the symptoms of toxicity.- Vitamin B6(pyridoxine): deficiency: skin, blood, nerve tissues; protein metabolism, RBC & neurotransmitter development. Toxicity: high-dose supplements: nerve damage and skin lesions.- Pantothenic Acid: deficiency: very rare, no adverse effect from excess amounts.- Biotin: deficiency: seen in large consumption of raw egg whites over time- Choline: deficiency: fat accumulation in the liver. Toxicity: from excess supplementation, causes a fishy body odor.- Iodine: deficiency disorders include: cretinism, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism.- Chromium: deficiency: induced in labs; inhibit glucose uptake into the cells causing a rise inthe blood glucose and insulin levels. High dose supplementation safety is unknown.- Manganese: toxicity impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremors- Sulfur: body is able to obtain ample sulfur from protein containing foods- so there are no known toxicity or deficiency symptoms. 13.Why are choline and Iodine important? What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms? - Choline is important for metabolism, the structural integrity of cell membranes, and neurotransmission; play important role in metabolism and transport of fats and cholesterol. Deficiency: fat accumulation in the liver; toxicity: from excess supplementation is a fishy body odor.- Iodine is a necessary component of thyroid hormones, which helps regulate human metabolism; responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones- which regulate key metabolic reactions associated with body temperature, resting metabolic rate, macronutrient metabolism and reproduction and growth. Deficiency: Cretinism, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism; toxicity: too much blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones, insufficient supply stimulates thyroid gland which increases the size of the gland in an attempt to capture iodine from the blood.Chapter 9:14.What is body fluid and why is it important? - Body fluid is the liquid portion of cells and tissues, and they are important because they dissolve and transport substances, help maintain body temperatures, and protect and lubricate tissues.- What is the difference between intracellular, extracellular and interstitial fluid?a) Intracellular fluid is within the cell.b) Extracellular fluid is outside of the cellc) Interstitial fluid is plasma, which is water in the blood and lymph.- What factors affect the amount of body fluid?a) Factors that affect the amount of body fluid are tissue type, gender, age, fluid content being high in lean tissue vs fatty tissue.- When and how do we lose body fluid?a) We lose body fluid through urine, sweat, evaporation, exhalation, and feces (noticeable; sensible water loss); there is a
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