Kayla McVay HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Spring 2013 Chapter 14 1 What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity high low intensity exercise ATP muscle activity for 1 to 3 seconds CP glucose triglycerides fats for low intensity exercise rest sitting standing in place and endurance long events marathon Carbs are used for high intensity activities and fat for low and CP for sprints Drawback of fat is slow metabolic breakdown 2 When should we replenish our body with nutrients as a result of exercise Replenish glycogen right after you exercise 3 What is glycogen loading When is it most effective Carbohydrate intake to maximize muscle glycogen It is most effective the night before athletic events 4 What are the common heat illnesses and how are they manifested Know the most fatal one Heat cramps muscle spasms heat syncope dizziness heat exhaustion and heatstroke occur on a continuum excessive sweating weakness nasusea dizziness headache difficulty concentrating Heatstroke is the most fatal Chapter 7 5 5 What are micronutrients Vitamins and minerals that are needed in a much smaller amount They assist body functions such as energy metabolism and the function and maintenance of healthy cells and tissue 6 What is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins ie how are they absorbed transported stored excreted and how often do we have to consume them Water soluble not stored in large amounts they need to be consumed on a daily or weekly basis they are also readily transported in the bloodstream needs a protein carrier or channel to be absorbed into the cell B12 is the only one that s stored liver Fat soluble readily stored in the body s adipose tissue and is easily absorbed into the cell diffused also need a transporter protected carrier micelle 7 What are the characteristics of minerals What is the difference between major and trace minerals List the important major and trace minerals Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic no carbon substance All minerals are elements which means they are in their simplest chemical form and cannot be broken down Major requires at least 100 mg per day and trace requires less than 100 mg per day Major sodium potassium phosphorus chloride calcium magnesium sulfur Trace selenium fluoride iodine chromium manganese iron zinc copper 8 What affects micronutrient absorption both increase and decrease absorption Know some examples Increase absorption if from animal sources versus a supplement Heme iron found in meats fish and poultry is absorbed 25 and non heme iron found in plants and animal foods is absorbed but only in small amounts 3 to 5 Chapter 8 9 What is the main function of B vitamins Important in assisting energy metabolism some act as coenzymes which combine with an enzyme to activate it 10 What are the cofactors associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they involved in Niacin NAD involved in glycolysis carbohydrate metabolism in the TCA cycle fat metabolism Thiamin TPP involved in carb and amino acid metabolism Biotin carb fat and amino acid protein metabolism Folate amino acid metabolism Pyridoxine carb and amino acid metabolism and synthesis of blood cells Riboflavin glutathione peroxidase antioxidant 11 Which B vitamins are sensitive to heat light Riboflavin B2 is light sensitive milk cartons 12 Which B vitamin is needed for protein synthesis even the nonessential amino acids B6 pirodoxine and folate 13 What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with each B vitamin Thiamin B1 deficiency beriberi is muscle wasting and nerve damage Riboflavin B2 ariboflavinosis deficiency is sore throat and swollen mucous membranes Niacin B3 toxicity symptoms form supplements and pellagra is severe niacin deficiency Pyridoxine B6 toxicity from high dose supplements nerve damage and skin lesions and deficiency involves skin blood and nerve tissue 14 Why are choline and Iodine important What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms Choline is important for metabolism transport of fat and cholesterol and homocysteine metabolism too Iodine is important because it regulates body temperature and metabolism It also is important for reproduction and growth Choline deficiency is fat accumulation in liver and toxicity from excess supplementation Iodine excess interferes with thyroid function Goiter is enlarged thyroid gland Iodine deficiency disorder cretinism is mental retardation stunted growth Hypothyroidism is low thyroid hormone which results in decreased body temp cold intolerance weight gain fatique and sluggishness Hyperthyroidism is high levels of thyroid hormone caused by Graves disease which results in weight loss increased heat production muscular tremors nervousness racing heartbeat and protrusion of the eyes 15 What is body fluid and why is it important It is the liquid portion of cells and tissues It is important to maintain normal blood pressure and keep tissue and cells hydrated Chapter 9 a What is the difference between intracellular extracellular and interstitial fluid Intracellular within the cell 2 3 of body fluid Extracellular outside the cell 1 3 of body fluid Interstitial flows between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ muscle liver b What factors affect the amount of body fluid Tissue type lean tissues have higher fluid content than fat tissue Gender males have more lean tissue therefore more body fluid than females Age decrease in body water results partly from loss of lean tissue as people age c When and how do we lose body fluid Sweating urination bowel movements d What factors affect the balance of body fluid inside and outside of our cells Increased concentration of salt and other dissolved substances in the blood Reduction in blood volume and blood pressure Water loss kidneys excrete water as urine and sweat during exercise skin or lungs during exhalation or illness injury pregnancy high altitude 16 What are electrolytes Help regulate fluid balance a What are the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes Intracellular potassium phosphorus Extracellular sodium Chloride b Functions regulatory effects hormones that react to a decrease in fluids osmosis water loss over hydration dehydration know chart ADH produced by pituitary gland aldosterone produced by adrenals Renin Angiotensin II produced by kidneys ADH react to increase in blood concentration Renin reacts to a decrease in blood volume water loss 17 How do we regulate our blood volume
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