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Chapter 7 1 Define 04 01 2015 Metabolism sum of all chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules Anabolism process of making larger chemically complex molecules from smaller ones uses energy Catabolism breakdown of larger complex molecules to smaller more basic ones begins with digestion releases energy Condensation an anabolic process where water is released as a byproduct of simple units combining to form a larger more complex molecule Hydrolysis a larger molecule is broken apart with the addition of Oxidation when a molecule donates an electron electron is Reduction when a molecule gains an electron making it more water removed by oxygen negatively charger 2 ATP is an organic compound used by cells as a source of energy it is produced in the mitochondria and energy is released when the high energy phosphate bonds in ATP are broken 3 Glycolysis Glucose is converted in to Glucose 6 phosphate which requires 1 ATP Glucose 6 phosphate is converted in to 2 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate using another ATP molecule At this point 2 ATP have been used 2 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate are converted into 2 pyruvates using 2 NAD which convert to 2 NADH H and 2 ADP which convert to 2 ATP and then again 2 ADP become 2 ATP The product of glycolysis is 2 pyruvate a net gain of 2 ATP o This occurs in the cytosol o Is an anaerobic reaction In the absence of oxygen the 2 pyruvate are then converted into lactic acid in the muscles The lactic acid then goes to the liver where it is converted back into glucose In the presence of oxygen the 2 pyruvate are converted into 2 acetyl CoA molecules using 2 NAD converting it to 2 NADH H 2 CoA and releasing 2 CO2 o Pyruvate can be reconverted back into glucose o Acetyl CoA can never be converted back into pyruvate or glucose The TCA cycle after the glucose has undergone glycolysis in the cytosol the acetyl CoA produced enters the TCA cycle o 1 CoA is released creating Citrate o 2 then H20 is added and we get Isocitrate o 3 NAD is converted to 2 NADH H and 2 CO2 to get alpha ketoglutrate o 4 The NAD is converted to 2 NADH H and 2 CO2 are released making Succinyl CoA o 5 The GDP P is converted into to 2 ATP and CoA is released and we get just Succinate o 6 The FAD is converted into 2 FADH2 and we get Fumarate o 7 Then h2o is added and we get Malate o 8 Then NAD is converted into 2 NADH H and Oxaloacetate is the final electron acceptor each pyruvate has to go through the TCA cycle so we do this twice Products o 2 FADH2 o 6 NAHD H o 2 ATP o 4 CO2 TCA cycle is an aerobic process For FATS Lipolysis dietary and adipose triglycerides are broken down by lipase to yield glycerol and three fatty acids Glycerol is converted to pyruvate then to acetyl CoA for entry into the TCA cycle which is above Fatty acids are used for energy Triglyceride broken down by lipase in to glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol is converted to pyruvate in the liver and produces acetyl CoA or glucose The fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and undergo beta oxidation creating acetyl CoA 4 What is beta oxidation The fatty acids released from the breakdown by lipase of triglycerides are attached to albumin and transported to working cells in need of energy muscle or liver cells They have to be activated by Coenzyme A CoA before being shuttled across the mitochondrial membrane by carnitine Carnitine transports fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane Long chains of fatty acids are broken down into two carbon segments to form acetyl CoA Final products of beta oxidation are o 8 acetyl coA o 8 FADH2 o 8 NADH H 5 What is ketone and how is it synthesized Ketones are by products of fat catabolism If acetyl CoA cannot enter TCA cycle then it enters ketotic state and forms ketone bodies acetoactetate Acetyl CoA turns into acetoacetate due to inadequate oxaloacetate and is broken down to acetone and beta hydroxybutyrate 6 How is energy stored in the body Extra energy from carbohydrates is stored in limited amounts as Extra energy from fat triglycerides is stored in unlimited amount in liver and muscle glycogen adipose tissue Excess dietary protein is used for energy or stored as triglycerides 7 What are the processes of macronutrient synthesis Gluconeogenesis making new glucose from nonglucose substrates o Glucogenic amino acids primarily o Glycerol from triglycerides o Maintains blood glucose during sleep fasting trauma and o Protein catabolism for glucose production can draw on vital exercise tissue proteins Lipogenesis making fat from nonfat substances such as carbohydrates amino acids and alcohol o When consuming excess calories acetyl CoA units form fatty acid chains o Fatty acids combine with glycerol to form triglycerides o Occurs in the liver cells Amino acid synthesis acids o The body makes the carbon skeleton of nonessential amino o Amine group comes from transamination o Synthesis of NEAA occurs only when the body has enough o Since essential amino acids cannot be synthesized they must energy and nitrogen be consumed 8 What hormones are involved in regulation of metabolism and what are their functionalities Insulin is primary anabolic hormone o It increases in blood after a meal o Activates storage enzymes o Signals cellular uptake of glucose fatty acids and amino acids Glucagon epinephrine and cortisol are catabolic hormones o Trigger the breakdown of stored triglycerides glycogen and body protein for energy 9 What is our metabolic response to fasting Liver glycogen is broken down Blood glucose is released Most cells can switch to using fatty acids as fuel source to conserve glucose for brain and other cells that rely on glucose for fuel Ketones form as acetyl CoA units are blocked from entering the TCA cycle Glycogenesis glucogenic amino acids and glycerol 10 Alcohol oxidation and metabolism is primarily oxidized in the liver by enzymes o ADH alcohol dehydrogenase o ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase o MEOS microsomal ethanol oxidizing system first pass metabolism o small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach before being absorbed into blood stream o gastric ADH activity reduces alcohol absorption genetic differences in amount of activity o alcohol NAD is converted into NADH and is converted by ADH to acetaldehyde the ALDH converts it to acetate and then CoA is added and acetyl CoA is produced most alcohol is absorbed intothe blood and transported to the liver to be oxidized this occurs at a rate of 1 drink per hour rate varies due to genetics


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FSU HUN 1201 - Chapter 7

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