Study Guide for Final Exam Test 4 1 What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US Maintaining a well balanced diet can prevent many diseases 2 What is the difference between organic vs nonorganic molecules The lack of what element makes them inorganic Know some examples of each Organic a substance or nutrient that contains the element carbon carbohydrates lipids proteins and vitamins Inorganic a substance or nutrient that does not contain carbon minerals and water 3 What are the primary functions of proteins in the body Proteins contain nitrogen not usually a primary energy source support tissue growth repair and maintenance 4 DRI s apply to which population of people Healthy people only 5 What is a chronic disease How can it develop Chronic diseases are those that come on slowly and can persist for years often despite treatment 6 Define Nutrient Density Nutrient dense foods are foods that give the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of energy 7 Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US The US Food and Drug Administration FDA 8 What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Fat is an important part of a healthful diet because it provides energy essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins Trans fat intake should be as low as possible Key recommendations include consuming less than 10 of calories from saturated fats and less than 300 mg day of cholesterol Total fat intake should be 20 to 35 of total energy intake 9 When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met a Define Balance Adequacy Variety and Moderation to help you answer this A healthful diet provides the proper combination of energy and nutrients It has four characteristics it is adequate moderate balanced and varied An adequate diet provides enough of the energy nutrients and fiber to maintain a person s diet Moderation refers to eating any foods in moderate amounts not too much and not too little A balanced diet is one that contains the combinations of foods that provide the proper proportion of nutrients Variety refers to eating many different foods from the different food groups on a regular basis Therefore when an individual is consuming fewer calories than required it would not be adequate because they are not consuming enough calories 10 Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it Sodium 11 Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Minimum of at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week Being physically active 60 to 90 minutes per day on most days of the week is recommended to prevent weight gain and to promote weight loss in those who are overweight 12 Define Hunger Define Appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger the innate physiological drive or need to eat Appetite a psychological desire to consume specific foods Hunger is nonspecific when you re hungry a variety of different foods could satisfy you Appetite is a psychological desire to consume specific foods 13 What are the functions of mucus in the stomach Protects the stomach from gastric juices 14 What does HCL activate in the stomach Converts pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin that digests proteins 15 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this The hormone cholecystokinin CCK is released in the small intestine in response to the presence of proteins and lipids This hormone signals the gallbladder to contract The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver which emulsifies lipids 16 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid and the pancreas secretes it 17 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved The majority of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine with the help of enzymes and accessory organs the pancreas gallbladder and liver Salivary amylase digests carbs in the mouth and pancreatic amylase digests carbs in the small intestine 18 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secret this Intrinsic factor is a protein critical to the absorption of vitamin B12 and it is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach 19 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive juice called The hormone gastrin secreted by stomach lining cells stimulates gastric glands to secrete a digestive fluid referred to as gastric juice 20 List the accessory organs of digestion Pancreas liver gallbladder 21 Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation Ghrelin 22 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Absorption the physiologic process by which molecules of food are taken from the GI tract into the circulation Digestion the process by which foods are broken down into their component molecules either mechanically or chemically Elimination the process by which the undigested portions of food and water products are removed from the body Segmentation rhythmic contraction of the circular muscles of the intestines that squeeze chyme mix it and enhance digestion and absorption of nutrients from the chyme 23 What enzyme is secreted in the mouth Lysozyme is an enzyme that inhibits bacterial growth in the mouth and may assist in preventing tooth decay Salivary amylase is another enzyme that is secreted in the mouth and it digests carbohydrates 24 The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called Monosaccharides Amino acids 25 The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called 26 What type of diet causes ketosis A diet low in carbohydrates causes the body to seek an alternative source of fuel for the brain and begins to break down stored fat in a process known as ketosis This process produces an alternative fuel called ketones 27 Define hyperglycemia hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal Hypoglycemia a condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal fasting levels 28 Define moderate alcohol consumption The consumption of up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men 29 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance Metabolic tolerance a condition in which the liver becomes more efficient in its
View Full Document
Unlocking...