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HUN1201 Final Exam Study GuideChapter 1:1. What is Nutrition? 2. Explain and know the different types of nutrients.a. Organic vs. inorganicb. Macronutrient vs. micronutrientc. Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitaminsd. Energy yielding nutrients – kcal/g for eachi. Know their major functions in the body3. Be able to calculate energy contributions of nutrients. 4. Explain the components of the DRI.a. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)b. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)c. Adequate Intake (AI)d. Tolerable Upper Limit Intake (UL)e. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)f. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)Chapter 1 Answers:1. Nutrition is the scientific study of food and how it nourishes the body while influencing our health. Wellness is supported by proper nutrition. Wellness includes physical, emotional, and spiritual health.2. Six nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.A. Organic nutrients contain carbon and include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins. Inorganic nutrients do not contain carbon and include minerals and water.B. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and provide direct fuel and energy for the boy. Micronutrients include minerals- required for body processes, and vitamins-which assist in regulating body processes. C. Fat Soluble- A, D, E, and K. stored in the human body. Water soluble-C and B. Not stored to any extent in the human body.D. Carbohydrates: 4kcal/g Fat: 9 kcal/g Protein: 4kcal/gAlcohol: 7 kcal/g3. To calculate the energy contributions of nutrients you first multiple the grams of the nutrient by its equating factor in kcal. Example 6 grams of protein are equal to 24 kcalories. Then to get the percentage from that nutrient you take the total of all kcal and divide by 100 for percentage. Example 24 kcals of protein out of a total of 242 kcals means there is about 10% kcal from protein. 4. DRI- consist of Estimated average requirement (EAR), recommended dietary allowance (RDA), adequate intake (AI), and Tolerable upper intake level (UL)a. EAR: estimated average requirement supports a specific functionin the body for half of the healthy populationb. RDA: recommended dietary allowances use EAR as a base and include sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy populations. 98%c. AI: Adequate intake results from insufficient scientific evidence to determine the EAR. It reflects the average daily amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consumes.d. UL: Tolerable upper intake level is the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people. If you exceed the UL there is an increased risk of adverse health affects.e. EER: estimated energy requirement is the average daily energy intake to maintain energy balance and good health for population groups. This is defined by many factors including- age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity.f. AMDR: acceptable macronutrient distribution range represents the range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of chronic disease. CHO (carbohydrates)45-65% Fat 20-35% and Protein 10-35%Chapter 2:1. What are the different components of healthful diet?2. What are the key recommendations of the dietary and physical activityguidelines for Americans?3. Know which organization regulates food labelsChapter 2 Answers:1. The four components of a healthful diet are adequate, moderate, balanced, and diverse. Adequate means sufficient energy and nutrientsto maintain a person’s health. Moderate is not too much and not too little of any of the foods. Balanced means a proper proportion of nutrients. And diverse refers to the many different foods from different food groups on a regular basis. 2. The US departments of agriculture and health and human services developed dietary guidelines for Americans. It lists general advice for ahealthful diet and lifestyle. The dietary guidelines are updated every five years with the most recent update being in 2010. This recent update emphasizes calorie intake and increasing physical activity. Physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: a. Key recommendations for physical activity according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans include engaging in regular physical activity and reducing sedentary activities. Being active for at least 30 minutes a day every week can reduce the risk of heart disease and defines a physically active individual.3. The organization that regulates food labeling in the US is the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)Chapter 3:1. What is the difference between hunger and appetite? 2. What are the components of gastric juice? What role does each play?3. What are the functions of chyme, mucus, and bicarbonate in the stomach?4. Review the digestive enzymes and hormones of the GIT and their function.a. Know where they are active5. What are the three accessory organs and their functions?Chapter 3 Answers:1. Hunger is the physiological drive for food. It is nonspecific and can be satisfied by a variety of different foods. Appetite is the psychological desire to consume specific foods. It is aroused by environmental cues. 2. Gastric juice contains Hydrochloric Acid (HCI), Pepsin, Gastric lipase, and Intrinsic factor. HCI denatures proteins and activates pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme used to digest protein. Gastric lipase is an enzymeto digest fat. And intrinsic factor is the protein to absorb vitamin B12.3. Chyme is a liquid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach. Mucus is the layer that protects the stomach lining from the acid in gastric juices. And Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid.4. Review the digestive enzymes and hormones of the GIT and their function. Table 3.1 in book (and where they are active)5. The three accessory organs are the gallbladder, the pancreas and the liver. - The gallbladder stores bile, a greenish fluid produced by the liver. CCK signals the gallbladder to release bile and bile emulsifies the lipids. - The pancreas manufactures, holds, and secretes digestive enzymes. The pancreas stores enzymes in the inactive form. In the pancreas insulin and glucagon are hormones that are produced to regulate blood glucose. Then bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize chyme. - The liver is one of the most important organs in the body. It synthesizes chemicals for metabolism, receives the products of


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FSU HUN 1201 - Final Exam

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