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Study Guide for Final Exam (Test 4)1. What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US? - Poor nutrition is a direct cause of deficiency diseases, as well as 3 chronic diseases: heart disease, stroke,and diabetes. OBESITY is the primary link between poor nutrition and mortality.2. Give examples of 5 organic micronutrients. Give examples of 5 inorganic micronutrients. The lack of what element makes them inorganic?- Organic Micronutrients: vitamins (A, D, E, K, C, B vitamins, etc.)- Inorganic Micronutrients: water, minerals (calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chloride)- The lack of carbon makes nutrients inorganic.3. What are the primary functions of proteins in the body?- Supports tissue growth, repair, & maintenance; maintains the structure & strength of bone, & assists in regulating metabolism & fluid balance.4. DRI’s apply to which population of people?- Only healthy individuals; NOT people with diseases are nutrient deficiencies.5. What is a chronic disease?- A persistent, long-lasting disease (cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, asthma, arthritis)6. Define Nutrient Density- A food is considered “dense” when it contains a high amount of nutrients for the least amount of kcals7. Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US?- The FDA—requires labels to include: statement of identity, net contents, ingredient list, manufacturer, and nutrition info8. What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely, and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?- Avoid trans fats entirely; Limit saturated fats9. When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required, which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met? - Balanced diet: proper proportions of nutrients- Adequate diet: sufficient energy & nutrients to maintain a person’s health- Variety: many different foods from the different food groups on a regular basis- Moderation: not too much & not too little of any of the foods10. Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it? Sodium11. Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.- To be physically active, you should include cardio, stretching for flexibility, and resistance. At least 30 min. daily of moderate activity most days of the week & 60-90 min. per day on most days of the week to prevent weight gain or promote weight loss12. Define Hunger. Define Appetite. What is the difference between the two?- Hunger: a physiologic sensation that prompts us to eat- Appetite: a psychological desire to consume specific foods13. What are the functions of mucus in the stomach?- A layer of mucus lines the stomach to protect against the acid in gastric juices14. What does HCL activate in the stomach?- HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) activates the enzyme PEPSIN, which digests proteins15. What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats? What organs make and store this?- BILE : is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder16. What compound neutralizes stomach acid? What organ secretes this?- BICARBONATE – secreted by the pancreas – neutralizes acidic chyme17. Where does carbohydrate digestion occur, and what enzymes are involved?- Begins in the mouth, with salivary amylase. Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine, by pancreatic amylase. Additional enzymes in the microvilli digest carbs into monosaccharides, which are then absorbed into the cells lining of the small intestine, then enter the blood stream.18. Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient? Which cells in the stomach secrete this?- Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, needed to absorb vitamin B1219. Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices? What is this digestive juice called?- Gastrin triggers the release of GASTRIC JUICE, containing HCl, Pepsin, Gastric Lipase, & Intrinsic Factor20. List the accessory organs of digestion.- Gallbladder: stores bile & secretes it into the small intestine- Liver: produces bile, filters the blood, receives the products of digestion via the portal vein, releases glucose- Pancreas: manufactures, holds, & secretes digestive enzymes21. Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation? Ghrelin22. Define absorption, digestion, elimination, and segmentation.- Absorption: the process where molecules of food are taken from the GI tract into the circulation- Digestion: foods are broken down into their component molecules, either mechanically or chemically- Elimination: process by which the undigested portions of food & waste products are removed from the body- Segmentation: rhythmic contraction of the circular muscles of the intestines that squeeze chime & mix it23. What enzyme is secreted in the mouth? Salivary amylase24. The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.25. The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, NITROGEN. (amino acids)26. What type of diet causes ketosis? A low carb diet, with insufficient amounts of glucose27. Define hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia- Hyperglycemia: a condition in which blood glucose levels are HIGHER than normal- Hypoglycemia: a condition in which blood glucose levels are BELOW normal FASTING LEVELS28. Define moderate alcohol consumption: 1 drink per day for women, 2 drinks per day for men29. Define Metabolic Tolerance, Functional Tolerance- Metabolic Tolerance: the liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of alcohol. A person’s BAC rises more slowly after drinking- Functional Tolerance: individuals show few signs of impairment/intoxication, even at a high BAC30. What are the steps in alcohol oxidation? What does ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) do?- A small amount of alcohol oxidation occurs in the stomach, but primarily occurs in the liver by ADH & ALDH, breaking down about 1 drink per hour. ADH triggers the first step in alcohol degradation & reduces absorption31. Name some foods sources of saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, and trans fats.- Saturated fats : animal fats, butter, lard- Polyunsaturated fats: canola, corn, safflower oils- Monounsaturated fats: olive, canola, peanut oils, walnuts & cashews- Trans fats: cakes, cookies, crackers32. Trans fats are not good for health. Why?- Raises blood cholesterol & appears to change cell membrane function & the


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FSU HUN 1201 - Test 4

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