Study Guide for Final Exam (Test 4)1. What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US? · Poor nutrition is a direct cause of deficiency diseases like scurvy and pellagra. Poor nutrition can have a subtle influence on our health like osteoporosis. Also associated with three chronicdisease heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Also poor nutrition is associated with obesity .2. What is the difference between organic vs. nonorganic molecules? The lack of what element makes them inorganic? Know some examples of each. · Organic- A substance or nutrient that contains the element carbon. Ex. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins. · Inorganic- is a substance or nutrient that doesn’t contain carbon. Ex. Minerals and water. The lack of carbon makes them inorganic.3. What are the primary functions of proteins in the body?· Proteins support tissue growth, repair and maintenance. Unlike carbohydrates and lipids proteins contain hydrogen. They play a major role in building new cells and tissues, maintaining the structure and strength of the bone, repairing damaged structures, and assisting in regulating metabolism and fluid balance.4. DRI’s apply to which population of people?· The DRI’s are dietary standards for healthy people only; they do not apple to people with diseases or those who are suffering from nutrient deficiencies. RDA’s identify the amount of a nutrient needed to prevent deficiency diseases in healthy individuals.5. What is a chronic disease? How can it develop? (p.5)· Def: A disease characterized by a gradual onset and long duration, with signs and symptoms that are difficult to interpret, and which respond poorly to medical treatment. They can develop from poor nutrition. Main ones are heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.6. Define Nutrient Density. · Foods that give the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of energy or calories.7. Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US?· FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)8. What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely, and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? · Trans fat intake should be as low as possible. Total fat intake should be 20%-35% of total energy intake. Key recommendations include consuming less than 10% of calories from saturated fats and less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol.9. When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required, which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met? a. Define Balance, Adequacy, Variety, and Moderation to help you answer this.· Balance- A diet that contains the combinations of foods that provide the proper proportions ofnutrients.· Adequacy- A diet that provides enough energy, nutrients, and fiber to maintain a person’s health.· Variety- Eating a lot of different foods each day.· Moderation: Eating any foods in moderate amounts- not to much and not to little10. Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it?· Sodium 11. Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.· Key recommendations include engaging in regular physical activity and reducing sedentary activities to promote health, psychological well-being, and a healthful body weight. 30 minute is minimum. Physical fitness includes cardiovascular conditioning, stretching exercises for flexibility, and resistance exercise12. Define Hunger. Define Appetite. What is the difference between the two?· Hunger: is a physiologic drive for food that occurs when the body senses that we need to eat. The drive is nonspecific, when you’re hungry, a variety of foods could satisfy you.Appetite: psychological drive to consume specific foods. It’s aroused from environmental cues by your 5 senses.13. What are the functions of mucus in the stomach?· The stomach doesn’t erode because of the mucus neck cells in the gastric glands and mucus surface cells in the stomach lining secrete a protective layer of mucus. Also moistens the foodand oral cavity, ensuring that food easily travels down the esophagus.14. What does HCL activate in the stomach?· HCL is secreted by the parietal cells, keeps the stomach interior very acidic. This kills any bacteria that entered the body with the food. It denatures proteins that enter the stomach by uncoiling the bonds that maintain their structure. HCL converts pepsinogen an inactive enzyme secreted by the chief cells, into active form pepsin.15. What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats? What organs make and store this?· The gallbladder stores a greenish fluid called bile, produced by the liver. CCK singals the gallbladder to contract and sends bile through common bile duct into the duodenum. Bile then emulsifies the lipids; that is reduces the lipids into smaller globules and disperse them sothey’re more easily accessible to digestive enzymes.16. What compound neutralizes stomach acid? What organ secretes this?· Bicarbonate neutralizes acid near the surface of the stomach’s lining and also assists in protecting this lining. The pancreas secretes it into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic chyme.17. Where does carbohydrate digestion occur, and what enzymes are involved?· Mouth- Salivary amylase; Enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouthBreaks carbohydrates down to maltose· Pancreas- Pancreatic amylase; Enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine. Digests carbohydrates to maltose.· Additional enzymes in the microvilli digest disaccharides to monosaccharideso Maltase, Sucrase , Lactase18. Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient? Which cells in the stomach secrete this?· Secreted by the parietal cells, is a protein that is critical to the absorption of Vitamin B12.19. Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices? What is this digestive juice called?· The hormone gastrin secreted by stomach lining cells called G cells stimulates gastric glands to secrete a digestive fluid. · Gastric Glands: 1) Parietal Cells – secrete HCl and intrinsic factor 2.)Chief Cells – secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase· Gastric juice contains: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) denatures proteins and activates pepsin Pepsin—enzyme to digest protein Gastric lipase—enzyme to digest fat Intrinsicfactor —protein to absorb vitamin B1220. List the accessory organs of digestion.· The pancreas, gallbladder, and liver,21. Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays
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