HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Spring 2012Chapter 14:- What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity? ~Primary energy source for physical activity is ATP; once ATP stores in the muscles are depleted, creatine phosphate becomes source; following creatine phosphate, glucose is the next source ofenergy for ATP production (glycolysis) ~Triglycerides (fats) are primary energy source during rest and endurance exercise; metabolizedto become ATP; slow in breaking down - What is glycogen loading? When is it most effective? ~Process that involves altering training and carb intake so that muscle glycogen storage is maximized~Most beneficial to endurance athletes - What are the common heat illnesses?~Heat syncope (dizziness), heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heatstrokeChapter 7.5:- What are micronutrients?~Vitamins and minerals needed in much smaller amounts; assist in energy metabolism; help form healthy cells and tissue- What are some differences between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins? ~water-soluble: not stored in large amounts; must be consumed on daily/weekly basis~fat-soluble: K, A, D, and E; readily stored in adipose tissue; can be toxic in excess- What are the characteristics of minerals? What is the difference between major and trace minerals? List the important major and trace minerals. ~naturally-occurring, inorganic (no C) substances; all minerals are elements; not digested or broken down prior to absorption~Major: require >100mg per day; Na, K, P, Cl, Ca, Mg, S~Trace: require <100mg per day: Se, F, I, Cr, Mn, Fe, Z, Cu- What affects micronutrient absorption? Know some examples.~Chemical form: dietary iron, heme (meats, fish, poultry), non-heme (plant/animal foods, iron-fortified foods, supplements)~Other foods within the meal: high fiber (whole grains), oxalic acid (spinach, teas) decrease zinc and iron absorption~Binding factors within the same foodChapter 8:- What is the main function of B-vitamins? What are sources of each ?~Energy metabolism: thiamin(B1), riboflavin(B2), B6, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin~Cell regeneration and RBC synthesis: folate, B12- What are the cofactors associated with each B-vitamin and what processes are they involved in?~Thiamin (B1): part of coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP); breakdown of glucose for energy; metabolism of branched-chain amino acids~Riboflavin (B2): part of two coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD); involved in metabolism of carbs, fatty acids, and amino acids for energy; involved in redox reactions in metabolic pathways~Niacin (B3): NAD and NADP; redox reactions involved in the catabolism of carbs, fats, and protein for energy; DNA replication and repair; cell differentiation~Vitamin B6: transamination (key process in making nonessential amino acids); synthesis of glycogen phosphorylase (enzyme responsible for releasing glucose from stored glycogen); essential for gluconeogenesis; glucose metabolism; metabolism of amino acid homocysteine; synthesis of hemoglobin; oxygen transport~Pantothenic acid: coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP); synthesis of fatty acids; CoAessential for fatty acid oxidation, ketone metabolism, and metabolism of carb and protein; detoxification of drugs; synthesis of cholesterol and steroids~Biotin: fatty acid synthesis; gluconeogenesis; metabolism of fat, carbs, and protein- What are the deficiencies associated with each B vitamin?~Thiamin: beriberi, muscle wasting, nerve damage~Riboflavin: ariboflavinosis, sore throat, swollen mucous membrane~Niacin: pellagra~B6: skin, blood, nerve tissues~Pantothenic acid: deficiencies very rare~Biotin: large consumption of raw egg whites - Why are choline and Iodine important? What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms?~Choline: metabolism; cell membranes; neurotransmission; fat and cholesterol metabolism/transport; metabolism of homocysteine; deficiency=fat accumulation in liver~Iodine: thyroid hormones; regulates body temp; reproduction/growth; deficiency= cretinism (mental retardation, stunted growth), hypothyroidism (decreased body temp, cold intolerance, weight gain, fatigue, sluggishness)Chapter 9:- What is body fluid and why is it important? Liquid portion of cells and tissueso What is the difference between intracellular, extracellular and interstitial fluid?~Intracellular: within the cell, 2/3 of body fluid~Extracellular: outside of the cell, 1/3 of body fluido What factors affect the amount of body fluid?~Tissue type: fluid content is higher in lean tissue~Gender: males have more lean tissue~Age: decrease in body water results from loss of lean tissue as people ageo When and how do we lose body fluid?~Sensible water loss: excretion of urine, sweating~Insensible water loss: skin (not sweating), lungs during exhalation~Significant loss: illness, injury, exercise, high altitude, pregnancy, breastfeeding, diuretics- What are electrolytes o What are the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes?~Intracellular: K and P~Extracellular: Na and Clo Functions, regulatory effects, hormones that react to a decrease in fluids, osmosis, water loss, over hydration, dehydration)~Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance~Cell membranes permeable to water, but not freely permeable to electrolytes~Osmotic pressure keeps electrolytes from drawing liquid toward them across a semipermeable membrane~Enable nerves to respond to stimuli; impulses initiated at nerve cell membranes by a change in electrical charge across membrane~Muscle contractions: influx of Ca2+ into muscle from extracellular space=contraction; Ca2+ leaving cell and electrical signal is completed=relaxation- How do we regulate our blood volume? Proper body fluid levels; kidneyso What are the roles of ADH, rennin, angiotensin, and aldosterone?~ADH: stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water, reducing urine~Renin: responds to decreased blood pressure~Angiotensin II: vasoconstrictor, increases blood pressure~Aldosterone: signals the kidneys to retain Na and Cl- What are the 3 main sources of body fluid?~Food, beverages, metabolic water- What is dehydration, how do we measure it, and who is at risk?~def: fluid loss exceeds fluid intake~weight loss due to water loss, urine color~elderly and infants at increased risk- What is heat stroke, what are its causes and symptoms?~def: failure in the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms~Causes: hot, humid environments~Symptoms: rapid pulse, hot and dry skin,
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