Nutrition: Final Exam ReviewExam 1: NotesChapter 1, 2, 13o Nutrition is the science that studies food; how food nourishes the bodyand influences health, as well as investigating the processes that liberate nutrients- ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport metabolism, and excretion o Nutrients are chemicals in foods that our bodies use for growth and functiono Macronutrients are organic (containing carbon) and include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteinso Micronutrients are inorganic (no carbon) and include vitamins, minerals, and watero The 6 essential nutrients in life are: o carbohydrates (CHO)o lipids/fatso Proteinso Vitaminso Mineralso Watero Energy is the capacity to do work (measured in calories). o Food is measured in kilocalories (kcal) o Carbohydrate: 4 kcal/g o fat: 9 kcal/g o protein 4 kcal/g o alcohol 7 kcal/go Fat soluble vitamins: are stored in the human body and are soluble in fato Includes vitamin A, D, E, and K.o Water soluble vitamins: excess secreted in urine, are not stored in any extent in the human body, and are soluble in watero Includes Vitamin C and B.o Primary nutrient deficiency: direct consequence of inadequate intake; when you don’t consume enough of a particular nutriento Secondary nutrient deficiency: when a person cannot absorb enough ofa nutrient, too much of a nutrient is excreted, or the nutrient isn’t utilized efficiently caused by an underlying problem.o DRI: dietary reference intake: is the updated nutritional standards o EAR: estimated average requirement: used to determine and define RDA of nutrientso RDA: recommended dietary allowances: use EAR as base and include sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet known nutrient needs of ahealthy populationo AI: adequate intakes: reflects the average daily amount of nutrients that a group of healthy people consumeo UL: tolerable upper intake level: maximum daily amount of nutrients that appear safe for most healthy peopleo EER: estimated energy requirement: average daily intake to maintain energy balance and good health for population groups o AMDR: acceptable macronutrient distribution range: represents range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic diseases o AMDR for each macronutrient:o Protein: 10-35%o Fat: 20-35%o Carbohydrate: 45-65% o 4 characteristics of a healthy diet o Adequateo Moderateo Balancedo Variedo Malnutrition: is when too much or too little of a particular nutrient, or energy over a significant period of time. Ex: under nutrition, over nutritiono High % DV: ≥ 20% o Low % DV: ≤ 5% o Empty calories are calories from solid fats and added sugars (extra calories but very few nutrients)o Phytochemicals: are naturally occurring plant chemicals such as pigments that enhance health. Can be found in garlic, onions, soy, coffee, and teaso Sodium and potassium are minerals that influence blood pressure. o Potassium is linked to healthful blood pressure levelso Excess sodium consumption is linked to high blood pressure levels o BMI: body mass index o Normal BMI: 18.5-24.9 (kg/m²)o Underweight: < 18.5 o Overweight: ≥ 25.0 o Obese: ≥ 30o Limitations of BMI: can’t reflect the difference in bone and muscle growth; can’t tell us what is fat; not good with body compositiono BMR: basal metabolic rate: the energy expended to maintain basal (resting) functions of the body. Primary determinant of BMR is the amount of lean body mass including organs. o Metabolic syndrome: clustering of risk factors that increase one’s risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke; also includingabdominal obesity, higher than normal HDL-cholesterol levels, higher than normal blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood glucose levels.o Characteristics of the Female Athlete Triad are: low energy availability(inadequate energy intake to maintain menstrual function or to cover energy expended in exercise) with or without eating disorders, menstrual dysfunction (amenorrhea-absence of menstruation for 3 months or more), and low bone density.o Anorexia Nervosa: extremely restrictive eating practices; with the intense fear of gaining weight. o Symptoms are amenorrhea: which is insufficient energy to maintain normal body functionso Health risks: are energy and nutrient deficiency, electrolyte imbalance, cardiovascular problems, gastrointestinal problems, and bone problems.o Bulimia nervosa: recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging (to prevent weight gain); excessively occurring at least twice a week for three months; body shape and weight influence self-evaluationo Signs: chronically inflamed and sore throat, swollen neck and glandso Health risks: electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal and dental problemso Binge Eating vs Bulimia Nervosao Binge eating: loss of self-control, inability to end binge once started; feel a drug induced higho Bulimia: binge eating followed by purgingo Alcohol is absorbed directly from both the stomach and the small intestine into the blood stream. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and oxidized by liver enzymes.Exam 2: NotesChapter 3o Hunger: physiological drive for food (nonspecific)o Appetite: physiological desire to consume specific foodso Digestive tract: mouth→ esophagus→ stomach→ small intestine→ large intestine→ rectumo Peristalsis: muscular contractions that move food, chyme, and feces in one direction through the length of the G.I. (gastrointestinal) tract.o Segmentation: unique pattern of motility-circular and longitudinal muscles that contract and relax to mix the chyme and enhance its contact with digestive juices as well as electrolytes.o Haustration: involuntary, sustained, forceful contraction of the colon that occurs two or more times a day to push waste toward the rectumo Bolus: mass of food chewed and moistened in the moutho Chyme: liquid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomacho Components of gastric juice:o HCL (hydrochloric acid): denatures proteins and activates pepsino Pepsin: an enzyme that digests proteinso Gastric lipase: an enzyme that digests fato Intrinsic factor- protein that absorbs vitamin b12o Major functions of the large intestine:o Store undigested food material; absorb water, short-chained fatty acids, and electrolyteso Digestive enzymes and hormones of G.I. tract:o Salivary amylase: digests carbohydrateso Pepsin: digests proteinso Gastric lipase: digests lipidso Pancreatic lipase: digests lipidso Cholesterol esterase:
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