Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 14 1 What sources of energy are utilized during rest and different forms of physical activity high low intensity exercise pg 571 572 The source of energy most abundantly used is ATP Because muscle cells only store enough ATP for about 1 3 seconds when more energy is needed a high energy compound creatine phosphate CP can be broken down to support ATP the breakdown of carbohydrates provides energy for both brief and long term exercise the aerobic breakdown of fatty acids supports exercise of low intensity and long duration amino acids help build and repair tissues after exercise 2 When should we replenish our body with nutrients as a result of exercise prior to during and after exercise 3 What is glycogen carbohydrate loading pg 581 involves altering physical training and the diet such that the storage of muscle glycogen is maximized in an attempt to enhance endurance performance When is it most effective pg 582 During endurance events 4 What are the common heat illnesses and how are they manifested Know the most fatal one Heat syncope dizziness Heat cramps muscle spasms Heat exhaustion and heatstroke occur on a continuum symptoms include excessive sweating weakness nausea dizziness headache and difficulty concentrating HEAT STROKE IS THE MOST FATAL ONE Chapter 7 5 5 What are micronutrients pg 301 vitamins and minerals that are needed in much smaller amounts compared macronutrients They assist in energy metabolism and the formation and maintenance of healthy cells and tissues 6 What is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins absorbed Through the intestinal tract First into the lymph then Water soluble pg 302 Fat soluble pg 301 Transported Stored excreted into the bloodstream Travel freely through the blood Transported by transport proteins adipose tissue Not stored in large amounts Easily stored in the body s Kidneys filter from our bloodstream any excess amounts that will be excreted Not readily excreted but rather excessive can build up in the adipose tissue liver and through urine other tissues How often do we need to Need to be consumed on a Don t need to consume consume daily weekly bias everyday fat soluble most likely to cause toxicity 7 What are the characteristics of minerals pg 304 are natural occurring inorganic non carbon containing substances All minerals are elements meaning they are in their simplest chemical form possible therefore cannot be broken down prior to absorption What is the difference between major and trace minerals Major minerals require at least 100mg per day Trace minerals require less than 100 mg per day List the important major and trace minerals pg 305 306 Major sodium potassium phosphorus chloride calcium magnesium sulfur Trace selenium fluoride iodine chromium manganese iron zinc copper 8 What affects micronutrient absorption both increase and decrease absorption Know some examples pg 307 Absorption depends on their chemical form absorption is hindered by oxalic acid Dietary Iron heme only in meats fish and poultry absorb 25 and non heme plant and animal foods iron fortified foods supplements absorb only 3 5 9 What is the main function of B vitamins pg 312 B vitamins main function is to assist 10 What are the cofactors associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they Chapter 8 energy metabolism involved in pg 313 TPP Thiamine PLP Vitamin B6 CoA Pantothenic Acid FAD Riboflavin NAD Niacin Biotin Biotin THF Folate B12 VitaminB12 Vitamins and minerals do not directly provide energy but function as coenzymes 11 Which vitamins are sensitive to heat light pg 317 Riboflavin is light sensitive while Pantothenic acid and Thiamine is heat sensitive 12 What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with each B vitamin pg 303 B Vitamin Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B 6 Pantothenic Acid Biotin Folate Vitamin B 12 Choline Iodine Chromium Manganese Sulfur Deficiency Beriberi Ariboflavinosis Pellagra Anemia Very Rare raw egg whites rare Neural tube defects Rare but associated w anemia Fat accumulation in the liver Goiter hypothyroidism cretinism in infant of mother who is iodine deficient Elevated blood glucose and blood lipids damage to brain and nervous system Impaired growth and reproductive function reduced bone density impaired glucose None Toxicity None None Flushing liver damage glucose intolerance blurred vision differentiation Nerve damage skin lesions None None Nerve damage None Fishy body odor vomiting and diarrhea Goiter Impairment of neuromuscular system none None 13 Why are choline and iodine important What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms Choline is a part of fat and cholesterol metabolism lecithin and part of acetylcholine Chapter 9 14 What is body water and why is it important is the liquid portion of cells and tissues a What is the difference between intracellular is within the cell 2 3 of body fluid extracellular fluid is fluid outside the cell 1 3 of body fluid and interstitial fluid is fluid between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ muscle liver b What factors affect the amount of body water Tissue type lean tissue stores more water gender males have more lean tissue age because of loss of lean tissue as people age c When and how do we lose body water by sweating kidneys excrete urine and lungs when we breathe during exhalation d What factors affect the balance of fluid inside and outside of our cells beverages some foods and water from metabolic reactions contributes to body gaining water 15 What are electrolytes Are dissolved solutes that dissociate in solution into electrically charged particles called ions a What are the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes INTRACELLULAR Potassium ion K and Phosphorus ion HPO4 2 EXTRACELLUAR Chloride ion Cl and Sodium ion Na b Functions enables nerves to respond to stimuli by initiating nerve impulses at nerve cell membranes in response to a change in electric charge across the membrane and to stimulate muscle contractions in response to nerve cells it influxes Ca2 into the muscle from the extracellular space c Regulatory effects Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance by controlling the movement of fluid into and out of the cells The thirst mechanism hypothalamus causes us to consciously desire fluids d Hormones that react to a decrease in fluids ADH Renin Angiotensinogen Angiotensin II and Aldosterone e Osmosis water moves by osmosis from a HIGH to LOW concentration The osmotic pressure keeps
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