Chapter 10 Ch 10 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Antioxidants stop free radicals which don t have electron pairs in two ways by donating an electron or hydrogen What are antioxidants a compound that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation a highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell What are free radicals How do antioxidants battle free radicals through antioxidant vitamins work independently by donating their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce the damage caused by oxidation minerals act as cofactors within complex antioxidant enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that are excreted by the body break down fatty acids that have become oxidized other compounds such as phytochemicals help stabilize free radicals and prevent damage to cells and tissues What are the functions of vitamin E primary function is an antioxidant donates an electron to free radicals stabilizing them and preventing them from destabilizing other molecules protects polyunsaturated fatty acids and other fatty components of our cells and cell membranes from being oxidized alpha tocopherl What the most active form of vitamin E What are toxicities of vitamin E high supplemental does may be harmful side effects of nausea intestinal distress and diarrhea certain medications interact negatively with vitamin E long term use of supplements can cause hemorrhaging in the brain leading to stroke What are deficiencies of vitamin E rare but some like erythrocyte hemolysis rupturing of red blood cells that leads to anemia premature babies can suffer id born to early other symptoms loss of 8 9 muscle coordination and reflexes leading to impairments in vision speech and movement can also impair immune function What are major functions of vitamin C prevents scurvy through the synthesis of collagen component of all connective tissues in the body assists in the synthesis of DNA bile and neurotransmitters helps ensure appropriate levels of thyroxine acts as an antioxidant protects LDL cholesterol from oxidation enhances immune system How does vitamin C influence vitamin E vitamin C regenerates vitamin E after it has been oxidized 10 What are toxicities of vitamin C usually excreted only supplements can are harmful nausea diarrhea nosebleeds and abdominal cramps harmful to people with disease hemochromatosis which causes an excess accumulation of iron in the body 11 What are deficiencies of vitamin C scurvy bleeding gums and joints loose teeth weakness hemorrhages around the hair follicles wounds that fail to heal swollen ankles and wrists bone pain and fractures diarrhea and depression anemia Know sources of each antioxidant 12 13 Vitamins and minerals that act in synergy antagonistically in regards to absorption Know what causes beta carotene and vitamin A hypokalemia is low levels of potassium in the blood caused by o Chronic kidney disease o Diabetic ketoacidosis o Diarrhea o Excessive alcohol use o Excessive laxative use o Excessive sweating o Folic acid deficiency hyperkalemia is high levels pf potassium in the blood o destruction of tumor cells or red blood cells hyponatremia is low levels of sodium o Diarrhea o sweating hypernatremia is high levels of sodium o restricted water access Carcinogens may cause cancer Any mass of undifferentiated cells is a tumor ROS is when oxygen becomes a free radical Selenium is a part of glutathione peroxidase Vitamin A beta carotene can be converted to Vitamin A its active form is retinol helps with vision Loss of electrons is oxidation while gaining of electrons is reduction Chapter 11 Bones are living organs that contain several tissues including two types of bone tissue Bone health is achieved through complex interactions among nutrients hormones and cartilage and connective tissue environmental factors Factors that may affect the strength of bone peak bone density o Working out exercising o Intake of minerals phosphorus calcium fluoride sodium and magnesium o Genetics o Hormones estrogen levels o Smoking The composition of bone provides strength and flexibility There are two bone types o Cortical bone compact bone a dense bone tissue that makes up the outer surface of all bones as well as the entirety of most small bones in the body o Trabecular spongy bone a porous bone tissue that makes up only 20 of the skeleton About 65 of bone tissue is made up of an assortment of minerals mostly calcium and phosphorus that provide hardness but the remaining 35 is a mixture of organic substances that provide strength durability and flexibility The most important of these is collagen Hydroxyapatite made of mineral designed to bear weight o Collagen is a protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue Trabecular bone has a faster turnover rate than cortical how quickly the bone tissue is Bones develop through a series of 3 processes bone growth bone modeling and bone broken down remodeling What is bone growth and where does it occur in lifespan the size of the bone increases birth to age 2 and in spurts until 14 17 What is bone modeling and where does it occur in lifespan shape of the bones is determined even after growth can still increase in thickness not much change after puberty What is bone remodeling and where does it occur in lifespan process where bone tissue is recycled through two steps resorption surface of bone is broken down by cells called osteoclasts formation new bone formed with the use of osteoblasts adulthood Bone remodeling maintains a balance between breakdown and repair o Bone is broken down through a process called resorption where osteoclasts break down bone creating bone loss See more osteoclasts activity in older adults o Osteoblasts is bone building where the cells work to synthesize a new bone matrix by laying down the collagen containing organic component of bone Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow Peak bone density Is when bone is at its strongest Decreases in women approximately age of 50 due to menopause decrease in estrogen levels The machine most accurate for measuring bone density is the DXA o There is one located down stairs in the Sandals Building Calcium is the most recognized nutrient associated with bone health however Vitamin D and K phosphorous magnesium and fluoride are also essential for strong bones o Calcium The active transport of calcium is dependent on the active form of Vitamin D 1 25 dihydroxyvitamin D most of
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