Nutrition Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 1 What is nutrition Why is it important Nutrition is the science that studies food It provides energy and nutrients in order to maintain life and support growth and health 2 Explain the different types of nutrients a organic vs inorganic Organic nutrients contain carbon and are found in macronutrients Inorganic nutrients do not contain carbon and are often found in vitamins and minerals b macronutrient vs micronutrient Macronutrients provide energy are fats carbs and proteins Micronutrients facilitate the release of energy and are vitamins minerals and water c fat soluble vs water soluble vitamins Vitamins A D E and K are all fat soluble C and B are water soluble d energy yielding nutrients kcal g for each Carbs are primary supplier of energy Fats are helpful in providing energy for low intensity steady state Carb 4 protein 4 fat 9 alcohol 7 3 DRI s apply to which population of people Explain the components of the DRI EAR RDA AI UL EER AMDR DRIs apply to healthy people only include Estimated Average Requirement EAR 50 of the population Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA 98 of the people Adequate Intake AI determines EAR Tolerable Upper Level Intake Level UL maximum daily amount Estimated Daily Requirement EER maintain energy balance and is defined by age gender weight height and physical activity Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range AMDR range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients Chapter 2 1 What are the useful tools for designing a healthful diet Food labels myplate 2010 guidelines for Americans and USDA food patterns are good ways to help design a healthy diet 2 Define nutrient density Nutrient density the proportion of nutrients in foods 3 What are the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate The guidelines suggest that it is necessary to balance calories avoid foods of concern and eat more nutrient rich foods 4 What is a chronic disease Chronic disease a long lasting disease that can be treated but not cured Chapter 3 1 Define hunger Define appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger Physiological drive for food Non specific Appetite Physiological desire to consume specific foods Aroused by environmental cues 2 How do hormones regulate appetite Hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger of satiation fullness Hormones are the chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands to help regulate body func tions Pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose levels 3 What does CCK cholecystokinin do A key hormone involved in digestion CCK signals the gallbladder to release bile It also stimu lates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes Slows gastric emptying Responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein Acts as a hunger suppressant 4 List the accessory organs of digestion Gallbladder pancreas liver 5 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Absorption Process of taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body Most absorption occurs in the small intestine Digestion the process by which ingested food material is broken down in the earlier stages of the alimentary canal into a form that can then be absorbed and assimilated into the tissues of the body Elimination final stage excretion Segmentation the local mixing of food enzymes and intestinal juices from pancreas etc Peristalsis the slow and gradual movement of food through the digestive system The food is crush and propelled in one direction as smooth muscle contracts and forces the food along the gastrointestinal tract Peristalsis is not to churn but to slowly move food along towards the large intestine 6 What are the differences between the 4 types of absorption Passive diffusion nutrients simply pass though the enterocytes and into the bloodstream without the use of a carrier or energy Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein Active Transport requires energy and a protein carrier to transport nutrients Endocytosis pinocytosis active transport by which a small amount of intestinal contents is en gulfed by the cell membrane into the cell Chapter 4 1 The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called monosaccharides 2 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase but mostly occurs in the smaller intestine Enzymes lactase sucrase and maltase are produced which break down disac charides into monosaccharides 3 What type of diet causes ketosis Fats breakdown during fasting forms ketones A high fat diet causes ketosis 4 Define hyperglycemia hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia too much glucose circulating in the blood Hypoglycemia pancreas produces too much insulin 5 What dose insulin do What does glucagon do Insulin stimulates glucose transporters to carry glucose across the cell membrane from the blood Helps convert glucose to glycogen Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose 6 What are the differences between type I and type II diabetes Type 1 diabetes is where the body does not produce enough insulin causing high glucose levels Type 2 diabetes is where the body is not as responsive to insulin
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