Exam 2 Study Guide 1 Define hunger and appetite Which organ triggers feelings of hunger and satiation Hunger Psychological drive for food nonspecific can be satisfied by a variety of different foods Hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger and satiation Appetite Psychological desire to consume specific foods aroused by environmental cues 2 What effect do different macronutrients have on hunger What type of food has the highest satiation value Highest satiation protein 3 Define the processes of digestion absorption and elimination Digestion Large food molecules are broken down to smaller molecules mechanical and chemically Absorption Process of taking these products to the intestinal wall Elimination Undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body 4 Know the difference between peristalsis and segmentation Peristalsis is the muscular contractions that move through the GI tract Due to the actions of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles that run along the entire GIT pushes the content from one area to the next Segmentation Rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wall mixes the chime and enhances its contact with digestive enzymes and enterocytes 5 Know the role of gastrin Gastrin a hormone secreted by stomach lining cells that stimulates the gastric glands to produce gastric juice 6 Know the two different types of cells in gastric glands What is gastric juice and what is the role of each component of the gastric juice Parietal Cells secretes HCI and intrinsic factor Chief Cells secret pepsinogen and gastric lipase Gastric Juice contains Hydrochloric acid HCI Denatures proteins and activates pepsin Pepsin Enzyme to digest protein Gastric Lipase Enzyme to digest fat Intrinsic Factor protein to cleave vitamin b12 for absorption in GI tract 7 Know the role of bicarbonate in stomach and small intestine Neutralizes the acid coming from chyme from the stomach to the small intestine neutralizes acid 8 Know the enzymes produced in gastrointestinal tract mouth stomach and pancreas that facilitate the digestion of carbohydrates fats and lipids 9 List the key hormones involved in digestion and their actions 10 List the accessory organs that facilitate digestion and their roles Gallbladder stores bile a greenish fluid produced by the liver CCK signals the gallbladder to release bile Bile emulsifies the lipids digestive enzymes Pancreas a Lipids are dispersed into smaller globules and become more accessible to Manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes Stores enzymes in the inactive form Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates Pancreatic lipase digests fats Protease digests proteins Insulin and glucagon hormones are produced to regulate blood glucose Bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize chyme Liver The liver is one of the most important organs in the body Synthesizes chemicals for metabolism Bile for emulsification of fats Receives the products of digestion via the portal vein Releases glucose from glycogen stores Manufactures blood proteins Filters the blood removing wastes and toxins Stores vitamins 11 Define food intolerance and food allergy Food Intolerance or non allergic food hypersensitivity is a detrimental reaction often delayed to a food beverage food additive or compound found in foods that produces symptoms in one or more body organs and systems but it is not a true food allergy Food Allergy is an immune system reaction that occurs soon after eating a certain food Even a tiny amount of the allergy causing food can trigger signs and symptoms such as digestive problems hives or swollen airways 12 List the most common types of monosaccharides and disaccharides Monosaccharides contains one molecule Glucose Fructose Galactose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Disaccharides contains two molecules 13 What are the characteristics of glucose fructose and galactose 14 What are the monosaccharides that synthesize lactose maltose and sucrose Lactose Glucose galactose Maltose Glucose glucose Sucrose Glucose Fructose 15 What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and where in the body is it stored Animals including humans store some glucose in the cells so that it is available for quick shots of energy Excess glucose is stored in the liver as the large compound called glycogen 16 Define lactose intolerance Insufficient enzyme lactase to digest lactose containing foods 17 Know what stages of carbohydrate digestion occur in the mouth pancreas and liver Mouth ingestion physical and chemical digestion Stomach physical and chemical digestion Small intestine where most digestion occurs and absorption begins Colon Waste 18 List all the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by islet cells within the pancreas They are both secreted in response to blood sugar levels but in opposite fashion Insulin is normally secreted by the beta cells a type of islet cell of the pancreas 19 Define glycemic index and glycemic load Glycemic index A food potential to raise blood glucose Glycemic load determines the effect of food on a person s glucose response 20 List the role of glucose as an energy source Red blood cells only use glucose for energy glucose is especially important during exercise 21 Define ketosis ketoacidosis and gluconeogenesis Ketosis fat breakdowns during fasting forms ketones excess ketones increase blood acidity and cause ketoacidosis Gluconeogenesis occurs when a diet is deficient in carbohydrate 22 Know type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence causes and treatment Diabetes Type 1 Accounts for 10 of all cases Body does not produce enough insulin Causes hyperglycemia high blood glucose Requires insulin injections May be an autoimmune disease Diabetes Type 2 Insulin insensitivity cells become less responsive to insulin Metabolic syndrome a cluster of risk factors that increase the risk for type 2 diabetes medications Once known as adult onset diabetes increasing in children and adolescents Causes genetics obesity and physical inactivity Treat with weight loss healthy eating regular exercise and if necessary Healthy lifestyle choices may prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes 23 After absorption what are the possible fates of triglycerides How do each of these fates happen E g if they are being used for energy what process does fat go through 1 Used immediately for energy 2 Used to make lipid containing compounds 3 Stored in muscle and adipose tissues 24 What are the characteristics properties of
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