04 15 2015 HUN1201 FINAL STUDY GUIDE Chapter one The role of nutrition in our health 1 What is nutrition and why is it important Nutrition is the science that studies food Promotes wellness and prevents diseases 2 Explain the different types of nutrients a Organic vs inorganic o Organic contains carbon b macronutrients vs micronutrients o Macro CHOs proteins lipids o Micro vitamins minerals water c Fat soluble vs water soluble o Fat soluble vitamins KADE d Energy yielding nutrients kcals g o Protein 4kcals o Lipids fats 9kcals o CHOs 4kcals 3 DRI s apply to which population of people DRI dietary reference intake RDA recommended dietary allowance 98 3 What are the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate EAR estimated average requirement 50 AI average intake UL tolerable upper intake level Chapter 2 Designing a healthful diet 1 What are the useful tools for designing a healthful diet Food labels Dietary Guidelines of America MyPlate USDA 2 Define nutrient density nutrient dense efficient foods Dietary Guidelines for Americans o adequate nutrients within calorie need o consume a variety of efficient foods o choose foods that are limited in fats o weight management o physical activity minimum of 30 min makeup a healthful diet o 5 food groups grains make half of them whole fruits focus on fruits MyPlate presents a conceptual framework for the types and amounts of foods that vegetables vary your veggies proteins and oils fish nuts and vegetable oil dairy get calcium rich foods 4 What is a chronic disease Long lasting Chapter 13 Achieving and maintaining a healthful body weight 1 How to evaluate if a person s body weight is healthful BMI body mass index o A ratio of height and weight o Weight kg height m 2 o 1 kg 2 2lb o 1in 2 54cm Measuring body composition o Underwater weighing gold standard o Skinfold measurements o Bioelectric impendence analysis BIA o Dual energy x ray absorptiometry DXA o Bod pod 2 What are the components of energy expenditure Energy intake energy expenditure maintain weight Energy expenditure energy expended at rest and during physical activity Intake expenditure weight gain Intake expenditure weight loss 3500kcal 1lb of fat o 500kcal day to lose 1lb in a week Chapter 13 5 Eating Disorders What is disordered eating Atypical eating behaviors that people use to have a lower body weight Anorexia Nervosa self starvation leading to a severe nutrient deficiency Potentially deadly 90 95 are young girls women 20 of females diagnosed will die in 10 years signs and symptoms o extreme restrictive eating practices o fear of gaining weight o amenorrhea absence of period for at least 3 months health risks o energy and nutrient deficiency o electrolyte imbalance mostly K o cardiovascular problems heart failure o gastrointestinal problems o musculoskeletal problems Bulimia Nervosa repeated binge eating and purging feels a loss of self control a high from eating Affects more women than men 1 4 of women 1 of those diagnosed will die within 10 years signs and symptoms o inappropriate compensatory behavior to control weight gain o chronically inflamed sore throat o swollen glands o 2 times a week for 3 months Binge eating After stressful events More than twice a week not followed by purging 2 5 of adults 8 are obese common in men Female Athlete Triad Low energy availability Amenorrhea Osteoporosis Chapter 4 5 7 Alcohol 1 What are the problems associated with alcohol abuse It is linked to increased risk for in certain individuals o Breast cancer o Hypertension o Hemorrhagic stroke may increase total energy intake increasing risk of obesity alcoholic beverages fail to trigger the satiety response consuming excess calories o potential alcohol drug interactions o magnifies the effect of the drug o increases the risk of GI bleeding stomach bleeding or liver damage Concerns with chronic alcohol consumption o Metabolic tolerance the liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of o Functional tolerance individuals show few signs of intoxication even at a o Alcohol abuse the excessive alcohol consumption either chronically or alcohol high BAC occasionally o Binge drinking the consumption of more than 5 drinks on one occasion Alcohol Abuse effects o Fatty liver an early and reversible stage of liver disease alcoholic steatosis o Alcoholic hepatitis inflammation of the liver reversible o Cirrhosis of the liver end stage of liver disease irreversible 2 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH do No digestion required Absorbed directly from both the stomach and small intestine Metabolism alcohol is oxidized by the liver enzymes o Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH o Acetehyde o Aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH o Acetate o Converted to fatty acids and metabolized for energy Chapter 3 The human body Are we really what we eat 1 Define hunger Define appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger is the physiological need for food Appetite is the psychological want for food Appetite is specific and hunger is not 2 How do hormones regulate appetite glands to help regulate body functions 3 What does CCK do Cholecystokinin produced in the small intestines and stimulates secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate which neutralizes acidic rhyme 4 List the accessory organs Gallbladder stores bile and CCK signals the liver to release bile Pancreas manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes Liver synthesizes chemicals like bile for metabolism 5 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Absorption process of taking through small intestine wall Digestion large molecules are broken down mechanically Hormones chemical messengers secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine Elimination undigested food and waste 6 What are the differences between the 4 types of absorption Passive Diffusion nutrients simply pass through the electrolytes and into the bloodstream without the use of a carrier or energy Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein or water channel Active transport requires energy and a protein carrier to transport nutrients Endocytosis active transport by which a small amount of intestinal contents is engulfed by the cell membrane into the cell Chapter 4 Carbohydrates 1 The smallest molecule that makes up carbohydrates is monosaccharides such as glucose sucrose and galactose 2 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved Mouth chewing stimulates secretion of saliva and activates salivary glans and amylase which
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