Nutrition Final Exam Antioxidants chapter 10 Beta carotene Provitamin Red yellow orange dark green veggies and fruits Can be converted to active Vitamin A Retinol Enhances immune system Protects skin from UV ray damage Protects eyes from damage preventing or delaying age related vision impairment Vitamin E Found in plants enriched cereals Helps prevent oxidation antioxidant prevents free radicals gives out electrons Fat soluble Protects cell membranes from reactive oxygen species Incorporated into chylomicron to be transported to the liver Incorporated into VLDLs in the liver Tocopherols are the biologically active forms Alpha tocopherol is most active potent Protects PUFAs fatty cell components and LDLs from oxidation lower heart disease risk Vitamin A Found in meat sources and dairy Retinol Deficiency causes poor night vision Essential to sight cell differentiation and reproduction Stored in the liver Maintains mucosal surface Can easily become toxic if you take a supplement of it Vitamin C Found in fresh fruits citrus and vegetables Ascorbic acid A not Sordic scurvy Deficiency causes scurvy Makes collagen connective tissue Regenerates vitamin E after it has been oxidized Humans and Guinea pigs cannot produce their own Vitamin C Water soluble Protects membrane from reactive oxygen species Selenium Found in the soil in which food is grown It is a trace mineral Deficiency causes heart disorder Keshan disease Promotes B cell T cell and antibody production Kashin Beck disease deforming arthritis Other antioxidants include Copper Iron Zinc and Manganese Antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase converts free radicals to less damaging substances such as hydrogen peroxide Catalase removes hydrogen peroxide from the body Glutathione peroxidase removes hydrogen peroxide Blood Nutrients chapter 12 Iron Zinc Copper Folate Found in meat fish and poultry Major component of hemoglobin Component of cytochromes electron carriers within electron transport chain Most common deficiency in the world Found in red meats and seafood Components of many enzymes structure of proteins and gene expression Found in Seafood nuts seed and whole grains Required for iron transport Cofactor for energy metabolism and connective tissue production Regulates neurotransmitters Found in green vegetables oranges liver and legumes Crucial to the breakdown of Homocysteine non protein amino acid Reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke B12 Found in animal products Crucial to the breakdown of Homocysteine non protein amino acid Reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke Vitamin K Found in green veggies and liver Assists in blood coagulation Vitamin B6 Found in meat spinach poultry starchy vegetables Important in hemoglobin synthesis Components of Blood 55 plasma fluid portion of the blood Less than 1 platelets and white blood cells leukocytes 45 red blood cells erythrocytes Immunity 1 Neutrophils arrive at site of invasion but don t last more than a few days 2 Macrophages engulf foreign matter and signal for other immune cells 3 Macrophages display antigens and activate T helper cells 4 T helper cells multiply and activate B cells 5 B cells divide and produce plasma cells which produce antibodies 6 Antibodies bind to invaders making them vulnerable 7 Killer T cells destroy infected cells 8 Some B and T cells become memory cells to mount a defense if infection were to appear again Disorders related to free radicals prevented by antioxidants Cancer Steps of Cancer 1 Initiation 2 Promotion 3 Progression Cardiovascular disease because of its relationship to cholesterol LDL antioxidants prevent LDL and lipoprotein hydrophobic cell membrane Prevent breakdown of lipoprotein Increase risk for chronic diseases Heart disease Various cancers Diabetes Cataracts Alzheimer s disease Parkinson s disease Bone Health chapter 11 Types of bones Cortical bone Compact bone is very dense and makes up 80 of the skeleton It is the outer surface of all bones as well as some small bones Trabecular bone Spongy bone makes up 20 of the skeleton It is found on the ends of long bones spinal vertebrae ribs skull sternum and pelvis Looks spongy to the naked eye Bone diseases Osteoporosis disease characterized by low bone mass Female athlete triad low energy availability with or without eating disorders menstrual dysfunction and low bone density Collagen fibrous protein in bone tissue Hydroxyapatite mineral crystals around collagen designed to bear weight Bone development chart Nutrients for Bone Health chapter 11 Calcium Food sources Dairy products leafy green vegetables Absorbed in the intestines By far the most abundant major mineral in our body Provides structure to the bones and teeth kidneys to reabsorb calcium Critical to the transmission of nerve impulses Assists with acid base balance Assists in muscle contraction Deficiency causes Osteoporosis and Rickets When blood calcium levels get low PTH parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D stimulate Vitamin D Food sources Fish fortified foods supplements or sunlight Fat soluble vitamin Excess is stored in liver and adipose tissues like all fat soluble vitamins Body can synthesize vitamin D from exposure to sunshine The rest is from our diet works to regulate blood calcium levels and is necessary for normal calcification of bones Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults Vitamin K Food sources green leafy vegetables and other green vegetables Fat soluble vitamin stored primarily in the liver Actually a family of compounds known as quinones Phylloquinone menaquinone Obtained from bacteria in the large intestine Serves as a coenzyme during the production of certain proteins Plays an important role in coagulation of blood and bone metabolism Deficiency is rare and may lead to excessive bleeding Phosphorus Food sources foods with protein milk meats eggs Major negatively charged intracellular electrolyte Bone formation as part of the mineral complex of bones Plays a role in fluid balance Component of lipoproteins cell membranes DNA RNA ATP Deficiency can cause kidney disease Magnesium Food sources green leafy vegetables seafoods beans and some dairy products Major mineral Makes up structure of bones Important for energy production and muscle function Critical cofactor for more than 300 enzymes Fluoride Food sources fluoridated dental products and fluoridated water Trace mineral 99 is found in teeth and bones Assists in the development and maintenance of teeth and bones
View Full Document
Unlocking...